«ዲዛይን የማይታየው ወሳኝ የሀሳብ ማመንጫ ሂደት ሲሆን፣ ኮንስትራክሽን ደግሞ በማይታየው እየተመራ የሚፈጠር ተጨባጭ ውጤት ነው» -አርክቴክት አማኑኤል ተሾመ የኢትዮጵያ አርክቴክቶች ማህበር ፕሬዚዳንት

አስቴር ኤልያስ

 ባለፉት አስርት ዓመታት ውስጥ በኢትዮጵያ መንገድም፣ ግድብም፣ ስታዲየምም ሆነ ሌሎችም ግንባታዎች በብዛት እየተካሄዱ ስለመሆናቸው ይታወቃል። በተለይ የኢትዮጵያም የአፍሪካም መዲና የሆነችው አዲስ አበባ ፈርሳ እየተገነባች ስለመሆኗ ሲነገርም ቆይቷል። በእነዚህ የግንባታ ሂደቶች ትልቁን ድርሻ የሚይዙት ደግሞ ዲዛይንና ኮንስትራክሽን ሲሆኑ፣ የሁለቱ የተሻለ ጥምረት አገሪቱ የምትፈልገውን ዓይነት ግንባታ ለማስገኘት አጠያያቂ አለመሆኑ እሙን ነው።

ይሁንና የተጀመሩ በርካታ ኮንስትራክሽኖች ስለመጓተታቸው ምክንያቱ በአንድ በኩል የዲዛይን ማሻሻያ ተደርጎ እንደሆነ ሲነገር ይደመጣልና ዲዛይንና ኮንስትራክሽን ስላላቸው መስተጋብር እንዲሁም በዘርፉ ባለሙያዎች ስላለው ሁኔታ አዲስ ዘመን የኤቲኬ አርክቴክቶችና አማካሪዎች ባለቤትና መስራች፣ የኢትዮጵያ አርክቴክቶች ማህበር ፕሬዚዳንት እንዲሁም በአዲስ አበባ ዩኒቨርሲቲ ላለፉት ሃያ ዓመታት በዲዛይንና ፕሮጀከቲንግ ማኔጅመንት መምህር ከሆኑት ከአርክቴክት አማኑኤል ተሾመ ጋር ያደረገውን ቃለ ምልልስ እንደሚከተለው አጠናቅሯል፤ መልካም ንባብ ይሁንልዎ።

አዲስ አመን፡ዲዛይን ሲባል ምንድን ነው? ዲዛይን የሚያሻቸው ግንባታዎችስ የትኞቹ ናቸው?

አርክቴክት አማኑኤል፡ ዲዛይን ሲባል ሰፋ ያለ ትርጉም ያለው ቃል ነው፤ ማንኛውም የሚገነባ ነገርም ሆነ የሚሰራ ነገር ዲዛይን ያስፈልገዋል። ለምሳሌ መኪና፣ የቤትም ሆነ የቢሮ ቁሳቁስ፣ የምንለብሰው ልብስ ፣ የምናያቸው ሕንፃዎች እና ሌሎችም መሰል ሥራዎች ሁሉ ዲዛይን የሚያስፈልጋቸው ናቸው። ከዚህ ሰፋ ሲል ደግሞ ከተሞች በራሳቸው ዲዛይን የሚያስፈልጋቸው ናቸው። አሁን አሁን ደግሞ ከዚህም አልፎ ስትራቴጂዎች ሁሉ ዲዛይን የሚያስፈልጋቸው ሆነዋል። ዲዛይን የሚለው ቃል የእቅድ፣ የዝግጅትና የማሰቢያም ሁኔታዎች የሚተገበሩበት ነው ማለት ይቻላል።

አዲስ ዘመን፡ዲዛይንና ግንባታ ለየቅል እንደሆነ ቢታወቅም ትስስራቸው ደግሞ የዚያን ያህል የላቀ መሆኑ ይነገራልና ያላቸው መስተጋብር እንዴት ይገለጻል?

አርክቴክት አማኑኤል፡ ዲዛይንና ኮንስትራክሽን የሚባሉ የእንግሊዝኛ ቃላት ትክክለኛ ብያኔያቸውን ለቋንቋው ባለሙያዎች በመተው እኔ ማስረዳት በምችለው መንገድ ሳስቀምጥ ግን ሂደትን (process) እና ውጤትን (result) በማለት እየቀያየርን ልንጠቀም እንችላለለን። ለምሳሌ ስለዲዛይን ሲወራ ሐሳብ የማመንጨት ሂደቱንም እንዲሁም መጨረሻ ላይ የወጣውን ውጤቱን ማለትም ንድፈ ሐሳቡንም ዲዛይን እንለዋለን። ለአብነት ያህል የሕንፃ ዲዛይን፤ የቤት ዲዛይን የምንል ሲሆን፣ በሌላ በኩል ደግሞ ቤት ዲዛይን እያደረገ ነው ብለን እንገልጻለን።

ኮንስትራክሽን የሚባለውም ልክ እንዲሁ ነው፤ ለምሳሌ መቆፈሩን፣ መስቀሉን፣ መገጣጠሙን እንዲሁም የመገንባቱንም ሂደት በጥቅሉ ኮንስትራክሽን ስንለው፤ የግንባታውን ውጤት ደግሞ ቤትም፣ መንገድም ይሁን ግድብ ኮንስትራክሽን እንላለን። ስለዚህም ሁለቱም ቃላት በመጀመሪያ ሂደትና ከዚያም ውጤት በውስጣቸው በተለያየ ጊዜ እየቀላቀሉ ይጠቀማሉ።

የዲዛይንና የኮንስትራክሽን ግንኙነታቸው ምንድን ነው ብለን ስንመለከት አንድ ነገር ዲዛይን ሳይደረግ ሊገነባ አይችልም። ስለሆነም ቀድሞ የሚመጣው ዲዛይን ነው ማለት ነው። አንድ ነገር ዲዛይን ይደረጋል፤ ከዚያ በኋላ ወደ ግንባታው ይገባል። ይህ ዓይነቱ አካሄድ እንደየሥራው ዓይነትና እንደሚፈጀው የጊዜ መጠን ይለያያል።

ዲዛይን ምንድን ነው ተብሎ ቢጠየቅ ሐሳብ ነው። አንድን ሥራ ከመስራታችን በፊት የምናስበው ነገር እንደማለት ነው። ዲዛይን በሌላ በኩል እቅድ ልንለው እንችላለን። አንዳንድ ነገር ለመገጣጠም ስናስብ እንዴት

 ነው የሚገጣጠመው የሚለውን የምናስብበት ሂደት ነው። ዲዛይን ሲባል ብዙ ጊዜ መግባቢያ የስዕል ዓይነት መልክ ስላለው እንደስዕል ይቆጠራል። ነገር ግን ዲዛይን በወረቀት ላይ ከሚታየው ባሻገር የሀሳብ ማመንጨቱንና የማሰብ ሂደቱን ጭምር ነው ዲዛይን ብለን የምናስቀምጠው። ስለዚህ የዲዛይን ቋንቋውና መገለጫው ምንድን ነው ቢባል ንድፎች ከዚያ በኋላ በቃላት የሚገለጽ ዝርዝር ሐሳቦች (ስፔስፊኬሽኖች) በእኛ ሴክተር ላይ ሆነን ስናየው ለአንድ ግንባታ ቀድሞ እንደማሰብ ነው።

ኮንስትራክሽን የምንለው ደግሞ እነዚህ ቀድመው የታሰቡ ነገሮችን ወደሚታይ ነገር የምናስቀምጥበት ሥራ ነው። ስለዚህ ዲዛይን የማይታየው ወሳኝ የሀሳብ ማመንጫ ሂደት ሲሆን፣ ኮንስትራክሽን ደግሞ በማይታየው እየተመራ የሚፈጠር ተጨባጭ ውጤት ነው።

አዲስ ዘመን፡የትኛውንም ግንባታ የሚያሳምረው ዲዛይኑ ነው ሲባል ምን ማለት ነው?

አርክቴክት አማኑኤል፡ በአግባቡ ታቅዶ የሚሰራ ነገር ውብ መሆን እንደሚችለው ሁሉ ከግንባታው አስቀድሞ በዲዛይኑ ላይ ጥሩ ነገር የሚሰራ ከሆነ ግንባታውም እንደዚያው ጥሩ ይሆናል። ከግንባታው በፊት የሚገጣጠመው፣ የሚቆፈረው አሊያም የሚቆራረጠው ምን እንደሆነ ከወዲሁ ልናስቀምጥ የምንችለው በዲዛይን አማካይነት ነውና መጨረሻው ውብ እንደሚሆን ይጠበቃል።

ለዚህ ምሳሌ መጥቀስ ካስፈለገ አንድ ሰው መኪና ውስጥ ገብቶ ወዴት ነው የምሄደው ብሎ እንደማያስብ ሁሉ ግንባታም በመጀመሪያ ዲዛይኑ ተሰርቶ ካልተገባበት ውጤታማ መሆን አይችልም፤ ውበትም አይኖረውም።

አዲስ ዘመን፡በተለያዩ አጋጣሚዎች የትኛውም የኮንስትራክሽን ዘርፍ ለመዘግየቱ መንስኤው ምንድን ነው ተብሎ ሲጠየቅ ዲዛይን ማሻሻያ ተደርጎበት ነው ይባላልና በመጀመሪያ ወጥ የሆነ ዲዛይን መስራት የማይቻለው ስለምንድን ነው?

አርክቴክት አማኑኤል፡ ማሻሻያው ከምን የመጣ ነው የሚለው በመጀመሪያ ሊስተዋል የተገባ ጉዳይ ነው። እኔ ባለኝ ልምድ ማሻሻያ ከሁለት ምክንያቶች ይመነጫል። አንዱ የተሟላ ዲዛይን ሳይኖር ያንን ለማሟላት በሚደረገው ሂደት ማሻሻያ ሊያስፈልግ ይችላል። ሁለተኛው ደግሞ ለውጥ ነው፤ የሐሳብ ለውጥ ሊፈጠር ይችላል። ለምሳሌ ሦስት ብሎክ ይበቃኛል በማለት አንድ ሆስፒታል አሊያም ትምህርት ቤት ለመገንባት ታስቦ በመሃል ደግሞ አራተኛ ብሎክ ለመጨመር ሊታቀድ ይችላል።

ይህን ለማብራራት ያህል ዲዛይን ማሻሻል የሚለውን ከእኛ አገር ነባራዊ ሁኔታ አንጻር ስናየው ብዙዎቹ ማሻሻያዎች የሚመነጩት በመጀመሪያ ለዲዛይን በቂ ትኩረት ካለመስጠት ነው። ዲዛይን ለተባለው ሂደት በቂ ትኩረት ሳይሰጥ ተጣድፎ ወደግንባታ የመሮጡን ነገር ወደጎን ማድረጉ ይገባል። እንዲህም ስል መንግሥትም ሆነ የግል አሰሪ የዲዛይንን ጥቅም በቅጡ ካልተረዳ ዋናው ሥራ መቆፈርና መገጣጠም እንዲሁም መገንባት ይመስለውና እንዴት እንደሚገጣጠምና እንደሚገነባ ሳያስብ አሊያም ዲዛይን ሳያደርግ ሥራውን ይጀምራል።

ለዲዛይን ዋጋ ስላልተሰጠው የማሰቢያ ጊዜ ሳይሰጠው የተሰራ ዲዛይን የምንለው የመተግበሪያ ሰነድ የምንፈልገውን ውጤት ሊያስገኝልን ስለማይችል ጎዶሎ ይሆናል። ምክንያቱም ሊገጣጠም የታሰበው ግንባታ ሙሉ ታሪክ ተይዞ ስላልሆነ ወደግንባታ ሲገባና መገጣጠም ሲጀመር የሆነ ቦታ ላይ ይቆምና ግራ ይጋባል ማለት ነው።

ሁለተኛ እና ወሳኙ ነገር ግን ብዙ ጊዜ የዲዛይን ሒደት ላይ የምናየው ብዙ ጊዜ ለውጦች መምጣታቸውን ነው። እነዚህ የሚመጡ ለውጦች ምክንያታቸው የተለያየ ሊሆን ይችላል። በእርግጥ መሰረታቸው ለዲዛይን አስፈላጊውን ትኩረት ባለመስጠት ቢሆንም የመጀመሪያው ችግር የሚፈጠረው ትክክለኛ የሆነ ባለሙያ ካለመስራቱ ይሆናል። ገና ከጅምሩ ማነው ትክክለኛ የዲዛይን ባለሙያ የሚለው መረጣ ላይ ስህተት ይሰራል።

ለምሳሌ ይህን ዘርፍ ወደህክምናው ዘርፍ አምጥቼ በምሳሌ ብገልጸው የአጥንት ሐኪም አስፈልጎሽ የልብ ሐኪም ይዞ እንደመነሳት ማለት ነው። ወይም ደግሞ ልብሽን አሞሽ የአጥንት ሐኪም ዘንድ እንደመሄድ ማለት ነው። የዚህ ውጤት ደግሞ ምን ሊሆን ማሰብ መመራመርን የሚጠይቅ አይመስለኝም። ስለዚህ በመጀመሪያ የባለሙያ መረጣ ላይ ትኩረት ሰጥቶ መስራት ማለት ነው። ሁለተኛው የተመረጠው ባለሙያ ደግሞ ክህሎቱ ምን ያህል ነው የሚለው መታየት ይኖርበታል። ልምዱና የትምህርት ደረጃው ለሚኖሩ ለውጦች ምክንያት ሊሆን ይችላል ማለት ነው። በሦስተኛነት የምናስቀምጠው ደግሞ ባለሙያው የተሰጠው የጊዜ ገደብ ነው። እንግዲህ ትክክለኛውን ባለሙያ መምረጥና ጊዜ መስጠት የግድ ይላል። ስድስት ወር የሚፈጀውን ሥራ በአንድ ወር ካላለቀ ይባላል። ባለሙያ ጊዜ ስለማይበቃው የተሟላ ሰነድ መስራት አይችልም። ይህ ማለት በዘጠኝ ወር መወለድ የሚገባው ሕፃን ቀድሞ በሦስት ወር ይወለድ እንደማለት ይሆናልና ሕፃኑ ሕይወት ሊኖረው እንደማይችል ሁሉ በጥድፊያ የሚከናወን ዲዛይን የዚያን ያህል ነው።

አራተኛው ችግር የሚባለው ደግሞ ለሥራው የሚያስፈልግ ባለሙያ መከፈል ያለበት ክፍያ መጠን ሳይከፈል ይቀጠራል፤ ባለሙያው ሥራውን ለመስራት የሚያስፈልገውን ድጋፍ የሚያደርጉለትን ሌሎች ባለሙያዎች መቅጠርና መክፈል ያቅተውና በሂደት ይሰናከላል።

አዲስ ዘመን፡ታላቁ የኢትዮጵያ ህዳሴ ግድብን ጨምሮ ሌሎች ግንባታዎችም እንደገና የዲዛይን ክለሳ ተደርጎባቸዋል፤ ይህ በግንባታው ላይ እክል አይፈጥርም?

አርክቴክት አማኑኤል፡ በመሰረቱ ማሻሻያ ስንል ዲዛይኑ ጉድለት ኖሮት ክፍተቱ ታውቆለት ለማስተካከል የሚሰራ ሂደት ነው። ለምሳሌ በመሃል የሚገኝ ፋይናንስም የሚኖር ከሆነ ቀደም ሲል የተሰራውን ዲዛይን ማሻሻያ ሊደረግለት ይችላል። ለምሳሌ እንደተባለው ታላቁ የኢትዮጵያ ህዳሴ ግድብ ቀደም ሲል ያመነጫል የተባለው ሜጋ ዋት ቢኖርም ግንባታው ከተጀመረ በኋላ ግን ማሻሻያ ተደርጎበት የሚያመነጨው ኃይል ከፍ እንዲል ተደርጓል።

ስለዚህ ማሻሻያ ሲባል ቀድሞ የተሰራ ሥራ ችግር አለበት አሊያም ቢሻሻል ጥሩ ነው ተብሎ ስለሆነ መሻሻሉ ከበፊቱ የተሻለ ነው የሚያደርገው። ነገር ግን ይህ የሚሆነው ውሳኔውን የሚወስነው ብቃት ያለው ባለሙያ ሲሆን ነው። ለምሳሌ በከተሞቻችን የምናየው ነገር ባለ አምስት ወለል ሕንፃ ይሰራና ተሻሻለ ተብሎ አንድ ወይም ሁለት ወለል በላዩ ላይ ይደረብበታል። ይህ ዓይነቱ አካሄድ አዲስ አበባ ላይም ሆነ ሌሎች የአገሪቱ ከተሞች ውስጥ የሚታይ ነው። ይህ የሚሆነው እንግዲህ ቀድሞ ዲዛይኑን የሰራ ባለሙያ ይችላል አይችልም የሚለውን ጥናት መስራት አለበት ማለት ነው።

ነገር ግን ባለሙያው በድፍረት የሚያደርገው ከሆነ ግን የሚፈጠረው ነገር በነበረው ግንባታ ላይ ጫና 

 ይፈጠርበታል ማለት ነው። ስለዚህ ማሻሻያ የሚለው ነገር በተሻለ ባለሙያ እየተሰራ እስከሆነ ድረስ እንዲያውም ፕሮጀክቱን ያሻሽለዋል እንጂ ወደኋላ አይወስደውም፤ ይሁንና ብቃት ባለው ባለሙያ እንዲሆን ቢሰመርበት መልካም ነው። ጠቅለል ባለ መልኩ ግን አስር ጊዜ ለካ አንድ ጊዜ ቁረጥ የሚለውን መርህ መከተሉ የተሻለ ነው።

አዲስ ዘመን፡በአገራችን ዲዛይኑ ሳይከለስ የተጠናቀቀ ግንባታ ይኖር ይሆን? ከሌለስ ምክንያቱ ቢገለጽ?

አርክቴክት አማኑኤል፡ ቀደም ሲል ስጠቅስልሽ አንድ መሰረታዊ ነገር ዘንግቼ ሊሆን ይችላል። በነገራችን ዲዛይን ሲባል የሚጠናቀቀው ኮንስትራክሽን ከመጀመሩ በፊት አይደለም። ለምሳሌ መሰረታዊ ናቸው የምንላቸው የዲዛይን ውጤቶች ያልቁና የዲዛይን ሂደቱ ግን በሚገርም ሁኔታ በኮንስትራክሽን ሂደት ውስጥም ይቀጥላል። እኛ ዘንድ ትልቅ ድክመት ነው ብዬ የምጠቅስልሽ አሰሪው በቃ ጨርሻለሁ ይልና ዲዛይን ያደረገውን ባለሙያ ቀምቶ ወደግንባታው ይገባል። ነገር ግን መሰረታዊ ናቸው የተባሉትን ነገሮች ይይዛል እንጂ ዲዛይኑ የሚያልቀው ኮንስትራክሽኑ ሲያልቅ ነው።

ዲዛይን ስንል የመሬቱን የሸክላ አቀማመጥ፣ የቤቱ ቀለም፣ የቤት ውስጥ የፍሳሽ ማስወገጃዎችና መሰል ነገሮችን በግንባታ ሂደት ውስጥ የተሻለ ለማድረግ ለምሳሌ እንበልና የመንገድ መብራት በየአስር ሜትሩ ይተከል የሚል ነገር ቢኖርና ግንባታው ሲጀመር ግን በየአስር ሜትሩ ለመትከል በሚደረገው ነገር ላይ በመሃል ነባር ዛፍ አሊያም ደግሞ መጠማዘዣ ወይም ደግሞ ሌላም ነገር ሊያጋጥም ይችላልና ዲዛይን ያደረገው ባለሙያ መጥቶ አስር የተባለውን ዘጠኝ አሊያም ደግሞ አስራ አንድ ልታደርገው ትችላለህ ሊል ይችላል።

ስለዚህ ኮንስትራክሽን ዲዛይንሽ የሆነ ደረጃ ሲደርስ መጀመር ይችላል። መሰረታዊ የምንላቸው ነገሮች ሲያልቁ ማለት ነው፤ ዲዛይን ዘንድ ስንመጣ ደግሞ በቃ ዲዛይን ከዚህ በኋላ አያስፈልግም የሚባል ሳይሆን በሚገርመው ሁኔታ ኮንስትራክሽኑ ሲያልቅ የሚያበቃ መሆኑ ነው።

ስለዚህ ወደጠየቅሽኝ ጥያቄ ስመለስ መሰረታዊ ናቸው የምንላቸው ሰነዶች ሳይሟላ የተጀመሩ በጣም ብዙ ኮንስትራክሽኖች አሉ። በተለይ ለባለሙያው በቂ ጊዜ ካለመስጠትና የተሻለ ባለሙያ ባለመቅጠር እንዲሁም በቂ ክፍያ ባለመክፈልና በሌላም ምክንያት ሊሆን ይችላል። ነገር ግን ለምሳሌ እኔ ባለኝ ልምድ አሰሪዎቻችንን ቀደም ብለን ወደማማከር ሥራ ውስጥ እንገባለን።

ለአብነት ያህል አንድ ሰው ሆቴል መስራት እፈልጋለሁ ብሎ ይመጣል። ይህ የሚሰራው ሆቴል ስንት ክፍል፣ መጠናቸው ስንት በስንት የሆነ ይባላል። ለምሳሌ 50 ክፍል ያለው ሆቴል ቢል ደግሞ ለ50 ክፍል ሆቴል ይህን ያህል ስፋት ያለው አዳራሽ፣ ሬስቶራንት እና ሌሎች አስፈላጊ ነገሮች ቀደም ብለን ገና መስመር ሳናሰምር የዲዛይኑን መነሻ የፕሮጀክቱን ትልቅነትና ትንሽነት ገላጭ የሆነውን ነገር በመጀመሪያ በምክክር እናዳብረዋለን። ይህ ምክክር የሚያልቅ አይደለም፤ ዲዛይኑ እየተሰራም ይበልጥ ግልጽ እየሆነ የሚሄድ ነው። ነገር ግን መነሻ ነው የምንለውን ሐሳብ ቀድመን እናማክራለን፤ እንዲህ ማድረጉ የማንኛውም ብቃት ያለው ባለሙያ አሰራር ነው። ሕንፃ ሴክተር ላይ ከሆነ አርክቴክቱ፣ ከተማ ላይ ከሆነ ደግሞ ፕላነሩ አሊያም አርበን ዲዛይነሩ ሊሆን ይችላልና አሰሪው እንደእነዚህ ዓይነት ብቃት ያለው ባለሙያ ይዞ በመጀመሪያ ሐሳቡን በምክክር ማስተካከል ይኖርበታል።

ይህን ሐሳብ ይዞ ማስተካከል የማይቻል ከሆነ ወደፊት ሥራ ሲሰራ ወጥ ያለመሆን ክፍተት የሚጀምረው ከዚህ ጋር ይሆናል። ስለዚህም የሚሰሩ የመንግሥት አካላትም ይሁኑ የግል ሥራቸውን ገና ሲያስቡ ራሱ ለመስራት የሚስፈልጉትን ነገር በጽሑፍም ይሁን በቃል በግልጽ ማስረዳት መቻል አለባቸው። አሁን አሁን በተለይ በመንግሥት በኩል የምናየው ትልቁ ድክመት የሚፈለገው ነገር በትክክል ሳይታወቅ ወደ ዲዛይን ባለሙያው የመምጣቱ ነገር ነው።

ለምሳሌ በጀት አስረው ይመጣሉ። የምንሰራው እንደዚህ ዓይነት ፋብሪካ ነው ይላሉ። ነገር ግን ስለፋብሪካ ቀደም ሲል በደንብ ተጠንቶ ያንን ጥናት የሚመጥን በጀት ሳይያዝ እንዲሁም ጊዜ ሳይሰጠው በጀት ሊወሰድብን ነው አሊያም ሊዘጋብን ነው በሚል በመንደርደር በአንድ ወር አስገቡ ተብለው ነው በሚል ግንቦት አሊያም ሰኔ መጀመሪያ አካባቢ ጨረታ ይወጣል። ይህ ማለት ደግሞ የሚፈለገው ነገር በቅጡ ሳይታወቅና ግልጽ ሳይሆን ወደዲዛይን ይገባል፤ ጊዜም ሳይሰጥና ትክክለኛ የዲዛይን ባለሙያ ሳይያዝ ወደኮንስትራክሽን ይገባል። ከዚያ ኮንስትራክሽኑ ተጠናቀቀ ይባልና ሪቫይን ይቆረጣል፤ ከዚያ የተፈለገውን አገልግሎት ሳይሰጥ ይቀራል።

አዲስ ዘመን፡እንደሚታወቀው አሁን አሁን 30 ወለል በላይ የሕንፃ ግንባታ በአዲስ አበባ በመገንባት ላይ ይገኛልና እነዚህስ በወጥ ዲዛይን ነው የተገነቡት ማለት ይቻላል?

አርክቴክት አማኑኤል፡ በእኔ ልምድ ፕሮጀክቱ ተለቅ ባለ ቁጥር አሰሪው አካል ትክክለኛ ባለሙያ የመቅጠር እውቀቱም ሆነ ፍላጎቱ ይጨምራል። አሁን አሁን ባለ30 ያህል ወለል እየሰራን ያለነው አዲስ አበባ ላይ ነው። እነዚህ ደግሞ በአብዛኛው ባንኮቹ ናቸው። ተስፋ ሰጪው ነገር ባንኮቹ ዘንድ ለዲዛይን ሂደቱም እንዲሁም የሚፈልጉትንም ነገር በአግባቡ ተመካክረው ነው የሚጀምሩት። እንዲያውም ለዲዛይን ውድድር የሚያዘጋጅ ባለሙያ ቀጥረው ዲዛይኑን አወዳድረው ነው ሕንፃዎቹ የተሰሩት ብዬ በድፍረት መናገር እችላለሁ።

ከቅርብ ጊዜ ወዲህ የምናየው ነገር አሁን የእኛ ኢትዮጵያውያን ባለሙያዎች የባለ30 ወለል ሕንፃን ዲዛይን መስራት ጀምረናል፤ ነገር ግን እንችላለን በሚል 30 ወለልን የማቃለል ነገር ይስተዋላል። ባለ30 ወለል ሕንፃ በትንሹ ከ1200 እስከ 2600 ሰው በውስጡ ይይዛል። ይህ ሁሉ ሰው በሕንፃው የሚገባውና የሚወጣው እንዴት ነው? አሳንሰር የሚጠቀመው አሊያም የእሳት አደጋ ቢፈጠር መውጣት የሚችለው እንዴት ነው? ስለዚህ ለእነዚህ ዓይነት ሕንፃዎች ዲዛይን ልምድ ያለውና እውቀቱን በንባብም ሆነ በተለያየ መንገድ ያሰፋ ባለሙያ ነው የሚያስፈልገው።

ብሔራዊ ቴአትር አካባቢ የሚታዩት ባለብዙ ወለል ሕንፃዎች ወደ ታች አራትና አምስት እንዲሁም ከዚያ በላይ መሰረት ያላቸው ናቸው። ወደታች አራት መሰረት ያለው ነው ካልን ከመሬት በታች ወደ 15 ሜትር ያህል ርዝመት ያለው ማለት ነው። ይህ ከሆነ ደግሞ አንድ መኪና እንዴት ነው ታች ወርዶ የሚወጣው? የሚለው መታየት አለበት። ምክንያቱም ስለ ባለ30 ወለል ስናወራ ወደ 400 ያህል መኪናዎችን ስለሚይዙ ሕንፃዎች ነው የምናወራው ማለት ነው።

ለምሳሌ አንድ ስታዲየም አሊያም የሲኒማ አዳራሽ ውስጥ ተመልካቹ በብዛት ይገባል። ቦምብ ተጣለ ውጡ ቢባል ሰው በአጭር ደቂቃ ውስጥ መውጣት የሚችለው እንዴት ነው? ምክንቱያም የአንድ ስታዲየም ዲዛይን ሲወራ ጥሩነቱ የሚመዘነው በስንት ደቂቃ ሙሉ ሰው ማስወጣት ይችላል የሚለው ነው። ከእግር ኳሱ ጋር እምብዛም ግንኙነት የለውም። ለምሳሌ 60 ሺህ ሰው የሚይዝ አንድ ትልቅ ስታዲየም ሰርተን በማጠናቀቅ ላይ ነን። እነዚህ በስታዲየሙ ያሉ 60 ሺህ ሰዎች በሆነ አጋጣሚ ችግር ተፈጥሮ ከስታዲየሙ ውጡ ቢባሉ በስንት ደቂቃ ውስጥ ነው የሚወጡት የሚለው ቁልፉ ጉዳይ ነው። ባለ30 ወለል ሕንፃም እንደዚሁ ነው። ስለዚህ የማቴሪያሉ ምርጫም በራሱ በጣም ወሳኝ ነው። መሬት መንቀጥቀጥ ቢያጋጥም እንኳ ሰው ከወጣ በኋላ ነው ሕንፃው ከወደቀም መውደቅ ያለበት፤ ሲሆን ሲሆን የመሬት መንቀጥቀጡን መቋቋም እንዲችሉ ተደርገው ዲዛይን ሊሰራላቸው ይገባል፤ ከመንቀጥቀጡ ጋር አብረው መለመጥ እንዲችሉ ተደርገው ማለት ነው። ይህ የሚሆነው ግን መጠነኛ የመሬት መንቀጥቀጥ ሲሆን ነው። በዚህ ጊዜ ሕንፃዎቹ ተነቃንቀው መቆም መቻል አለባቸው እንጂ ተንኮታኩተው መውረድ የለባቸውም።

ስለዚህም እንደእነዚህ ዓይነት ሕንፃዎችን ዲዛይን ለማድረግ ሲታሰቡ በውስጣቸው ያለውን ነገር የተሟላ ለማድረግ በትንሹ ወደ አስራ ስድስት ዓይነት ስብጥር ያለው ባለሙያዎችን ይፈልጋሉ። ስለዚህ ወጥነት ሲባል ሥራውን የበለጠ መረዳት ላይ እንጂ ዲዛይኑ አንዴ ተጠናቆ ግንባታው ይጀመራል ማለት እንዳልሆነ ግልጽ ሊሆን ይገባል። ምክንያቱም ግንባታው ሲያልቅ ነው ዲዛይኑም የሚያልቀውና።

አዲስ ዘመን፡ስለዚህ ዲዛይን ተጠናቆ ወደ ግንባታ አለመገባቱ የሚያስከትለው ችግር የለም ተብሎ መደምደም ያስችላል ማለት ነው?

አርክቴክት አማኑኤል፡ አያስችልም፤ የተዛባ መረጃ እንዳይሆን ጥንቃቄ ማድረግ ያሻል። መሰረታዊ ነው ብለን የምናስበው ዲዛይን ማለቅ አለበት። መሰረታዊ የሚሆነው ነገር ይለያያል፤ ምክንያቱም የሚገነባው ሕንፃ፣ ግድብ፣ አየር መንገድ፣ ስታዲየም ወይም ሌላም ሊሆን ይችላልና ነው። ስለዚህ ይህ ዲዛይን አልቋል ማለት ሳይሆን ግንባታ ያስጀምረኛል የሚለው ነገር መሰረታዊ ነው።

እንዲህ ስል ብዙ ሰዎች ዲዛይን ሳያልቅ ኮንስትራክሽን መጀመር ይቻላል ብለው እንዲተረጉሙት ሳይሆን የዲዛይን ሂደቱ የሚያልቀው ከኮንስትራክሽኑ ጋር ነው የሚለውን ለማስመር ነው። ነገር ግን መሰረታዊ ዲዛይን ነው የሚባለውን በመያዝ ካልተጀመረ ብዙ ፕሮጀክቶች ላይ የሚታየው የጊዜ መራዘም በሁለት ዓመት ያልቃል የተባለው ፕሮጀክት በአምስትም አያልቅም፤ ይህ ማለት ግንባታ የተጀመረበት ሰነድ ያልተሟላ ሰነድ ነው። ስለዚህ በአጭሩ ዲዛይን የለውም ማለት ይቻላል። ይህ ደግሞ በፋይናንሱም በኩል በእጥፍ እንዲጨምር ሊያደርግ ይችላል። የተሟላ ዲዛይን ይዞ ወደኮንስትራክሽን አለመግባት ብክነትን ያመጣል። ከዚህም በተጨማሪ የግል ሴክተር ከሆነ ትርፉን እየበላ ይሄዳል። መንግሥትም ከሆነ ደግሞ ምናልባት ተጨማሪ አንድ ዩኒቨርሲቲ ገንብቶ በቀጣይ ዓመት ተማሪ እቀበላለሁ ብሎ አቅዶ ቢሆን መቀበል ሳይችል ቀርቶ ወይ ወደኪራይ ይሄዳል ማለት ነው። አሊያም ደግሞ ለአንድ ማህበረሰብ ሆስፒታል በዚህ ጊዜ አደርሳለሁ ብሎ ከሆነና ግንባታው የማያልቅ ከሆነ የመልካም አስተዳደር ችግር አለ ሊያስብለው ይችላል። እነዚህ ነገሮች ሊፈጸሙ የሚችሉት በቂ የሆነ የዲዛይን ዝግጅት ሳይኖር ሲቀር ነው። ብቃት ባለው ባለሙያ እና በቂ በሆነ ዲዛይን የሚጀመር የኮንስትራክሽን ሥራ ያማረ እና ፍጻሜውም የፈጠነ ይሆናል።

አዲስ ዘመን፡ዲዛይኖች ተጠናቀው ወደግንባታ እንዳይገቡ ከሚያደርጉ መካከል በጀት ተመላሽ እንዳይሆን በሚል ብቻ ወይም ደግሞ የኅብረተሰብን ጥያቄ ለማፈን ሲባል ይህ ግንባታ እዚህ አካባቢ ይጀመር በሚል እንዲገነባ ይደረጋልና ይህ ዓይነቱ አካሄድ በመንግሥት ላይ የሚያመጣው ተጽዕኖና መደረግ ያለበት መፍትሄ ምንድን ነው?

አርክቴክት አማኑኤል፡ አሁን ብቻ ሳይሆን ቀደም ባሉ ጊዜያት ያሉ የአንድ አገር አመራሮች በዘመናቸው በገነቧቸው ሥራዎች እንዲታወሱ ይፈልጋሉ። ለምሳሌ በንጉስ ላሊበላ ጊዜ እንዲሁም በአክሱም ጊዜ የነበሩ ሰዎች ምን ያህል ረቂቅ ነበሩ የሚለውን የምንረዳው በጻፏቸው ብቻ ሳይሆን በገነቧቸውና ባቆሟቸው ሕንፃዎችና ሐውልቶችም ጭምር ነው። ስለዚህ በተለያየ ጊዜ መንግሥታት ከተሞችን በመገንባት ስልጣኔያቸው ያሉበትን ደረጃ ለማሳየት ይጥራሉ። ይህ እንግዲህ በበጎ ስናየው ነው።

በሌላ በኩል ስናስተውል ምርጫ ሲደርስ ቃል የሚገቡ ነገሮች አሉ። መንገድ፣ ጤና ጣቢያ ወይም ሌላ ግንባታ እሰራለሁ። ወይ ደግሞ ፌዴራል ሄጄ አስፈቅዳለሁ በሚል ወደግንባታ ሊገባ ይችላል፤ እንዲህ ሲባል ዓላማው ለፖለቲካ ትርፍ ከሆነ ችግር ነው። ስለዚህ የሚሰራ ነገር ከእቅድ ጋር የተያያዘ የሚሆን ከሆነ ከፍጻሜ ለመድረስ አያዳግትም። የጥድፊያ ሥራ ከሆነ ግን የሚሰሩ የዲዛይን ባለሙያዎችም ከላይ ከፍተኛ ጫና ያመጣል።

ኮንስትራክሽን ግን ምናልባት በመቶ ሰው ሲሰራ የነበረውን ነገር አፋጥኚ የምትባዪ ከሆነ ሌሎች መቶ ሰዎችን ጨምረሽ በ200 ሰዎች ልታፋጥኚው ትችያለሽ። ዲዛይን ግን እንደዛ አይደለም። በውስጡ ፈጠራም የምርምር ሥራም ስላለው ይለያል። ለምሳሌ አንቺ ልቤን ቶሎ ቀዶ ጥገና አድርጌ መውጣት ነው የምፈልገው ብትዪ በአንድ ሐኪም ላይ ተጨማሪ ሁለት ሐኪም አስጨምረሽ ማፋጠን አትችዪም። ነገር ግን ብሎኬት ማምረቻ ፋብሪካ ካለሽ ከጎኑ ሁለተኛ ፋብሪካ ደግመሽ በመስራት የሚመረተውን ብሎኬት ቁጥር ከፍ ማድረግ ትችያለሽ። ዲዛይን ግን እንደዚያ አይደለም። ማሯሯጥ አይቻልም። ካላሯሯጥሽ የምትባዪ ከሆነ ደግሞ ችግር ይፈጠራል ማለት ነው። በነገራችን ላይ ብዙዎቹ ኮንስትራክሽኖች ግንባታቸው ሳይጀመር ዲዛይናቸው ቢመረምር ችግር ውስጥ ሳይገባ ክፍተታቸውን ማግኘት እንችላለን። ብዙዎቹ የሚደረስባቸው ተገንብተው በሚያመጡት ኪሳራ ነው።

አዲስ ዘመን፡በዘርፉ ያለው የሕግ ማዕቀፍ በአግባቡ እየተተገበረ ነው ማለት ይቻላል?

አርክቴክት አማኑኤል፡ በጣም ጥሩ ጥያቄ ነው ያነሳሽው። ዘርፉ የኮንስትራሽን ዘርፍ ነው የሚባለው። የዲዛይንና የኮንስትራክሽን ዘርፍ ተብሎ ችግሩም ተነጣጥሎ መታየት ቢችል መልካም ነበር የሚል አተያይ አለኝ። ለምን ቢባል ዲዛይን ላይ ያለው ችግርና ኮንስትራክሽኑም ላይ ያለው ችግር የባለሙያውም ይሁን የሕግ ማዕቀፉም ይሁን ወይም ሌላውም ይሁን ይለያያል። በአገራችን የሕንፃ አዋጅ አለ፤ ይህ አዋጅ ብዙ ተደክሞበት የተዘጋጀ ነው። በእርግጥ ደግሞ በየጊዜው ማሻሻያ ይፈልጋል። የማሻሻያ ሐሳብም እየተሰበሰበ ሲሆን በቅርቡም ወቅቱን ታሳቢ አድርጎ ተሻሽሎ ይጸድቃል ብለን እየጠበቅን ነው። በመሆኑም በዚህ ረገድ ጥሩ ደረጃ ላይ ነን ብዬ አስባለሁ።

ዝርዝር ነገር ላይ ስንመጣ ግን ከፍተኛ ክፍተት አለ። ለምሳሌ የግዥ ሥርዓት ከፍተኛ ክፍተት ነው ያለበት። ለዲዛይን ጥራት በቂ ትኩረት አይሰጥም። በዚህ ጉዳይ ማሻሻያ ይደረግ ዘንድ ከሚመለከታቸው አካላት ጋር በመመካከር ላይ ነን። ሁለተኛው የባለሙያ ምዝገባ ሂደቱ ነው። በሌላው አገር ሲታይ ባለሙያው በብቃቱ የተመዘነ ነው። የእኛ አገር ግን እንደዚያ አይደለም። ዲግሪ አለኝ ብለሽ ከመጣሽ ምንም ችግር የለም አንቺ አንደኛ ባለሙያ ነሽ። ይህ ግን ትልቅ ጥፋት ነው። ስለዚህ የባለሙያ ምዝገባ ሂደቱ ጎረቤት ከሆኑ አገሮች እንኳ በጣም ወደኋላ የቀረ ነው። ይሁንና እሱንም ለማስተካከል በረቂቁ ላይ እየተወያየን እንገኛለን።

መንግሥት በቅርብ ጊዜ አንድ ያደረገው ጥሩ ነገር ቢኖር በከተማ ልማትና ኮንስትራክሽን ሚኒስቴር ስር የኮንስትራክሽን ሥራዎች ተቆጣጣሪ ባለስልጣን ማቋቋሙ ነው፤ የተቋቋመው ባስልጣን በኮንስትራሽን ዙሪያ ያሉ የሕግ ማዕቀፎች ላይ ብዙ እየደከመ ነው። ከዚሁ ጋር ተያይዞ የታክስ ሕጉ ለዲዛይንም ሆነ ለኮንስትራክሽን ሴክተሩ ቁርጥ ያለ መፍትሄ ሲፈለግ አይሰጠውም። ምክንያቱም አሁን ያለው የንግድ ሕግ ጥቅል ነው። የሠራተኛና አሰሪ ሕጉም እንዲሁ ነውና እነዚህንና መሰል ሕጎችን ማየቱ መልካም ነው። በእርግጥ አሁን ላይ ጅማሬው ስላለ በአስር ዓመት እቅዱ ውስጥ የተያዙ ብዙ ተስፋ ሰጪ ነገሮች ስላሉም በሂደት ይስተካከላል የሚል እምነት አለኝ።

አዲስ ዘመን፡ለሰጡኝ ማብራሪያ ከልብ  አመሰግናለሁ።

አርክቴክት አማኑኤል፡ እኔም አመሰግናለሁ።

አዲስ ዘመን ጥር 11/2013

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