የአፍሪካ ቀንድ የኢኮኖሚ ውህደት ተስፋና ስጋቶች

የአፍሪካ ቀንድ ሀገራትን ማንነት እና ቁጥር በተመለከተ የተለያዩ ወገኖች በተለያየ መንገድ ይገልጹታል፡፡ ይሁን እንጂ ሰፋ ተደርጎ ሲታሰብ ኢትዮጵያ፣ ኤርትራ፣ ጂቡቲ፣ሶማሊያ፣ ሁለቱ ሱዳኖች፣ኬንያ እና ኡጋንዳን ያካትታል፡፡ የአፍሪካ ቀንድ በዓለማችን በድርቅ፣ በረሃብ፣ የእርስ በእርስ ጦርነት እና በመንግሥታት ውድቀት/መፍረስ/ የሚታወቅ ቀጠና ነው፡፡ ችግርን ፀንሶ፣ ወልዶ የሚያሳድግ አካባቢ ነው፡፡ እጅግ በከፍተኛ መጠላለፍ የታጀበ ፖለቲካ የነገሠበት ነው፡፡ አንዱ ሀገር የሚከሰተው ችግር በሌላው ላይ የሚያሳድረው ፈጣን እና ተከታታይ ተጽዕኖ ከበድ ያለ ነው፡፡ አንዱ ሀገር ያለው የፖለቲካ፣ የማኅበራዊም ይሁን የኢኮኖሚ ችግሮች ያልታሰበ ተጽዕኖን በሌሎች ጎረቤት ሀገራት ላይ ያስከትላል፡፡

በሀገራቱ የሚታዩ የፖሊሲ ውድቀቶች በአየር ንብረት ለውጥ እና በተፈጥሮ ሀብት መመናመን ሲባባሱ ይታያል፡፡ ቀጠናው ቀጥተኛ ግጭቶች እና የውክልና ጦርነቶች የሰፈኑበት ሆኖ ቆይቷል፡፡

በአንዱ ሀገር የሚገኝ ህዝብ በሌላውም ሀገር ውስጥ ትርጉም ባለው ቁጥር መገኘቱ መሳሳቡን እና መገፋፋቱን ከፍ አድርጎት ይታያል፡፡ በኢትዮጵያ አፋሮች እንዳሉ ሁሉ በጂቡቲ እና ኤርትራም ይገኛሉ፡፡ ሶማሊዎች በሶማሊያ እንዳሉ ሁሉ በጂቡቲ እና ኢትዮጵያም ይገኛሉ፡፡ ትግሪኛ ተናጋሪዎች በኤርትራም በኢትዮጵም ይገኛሉ፡፡ ኦሮሞዎች በኢትዮጵያ በብዛት ይኑሩ እንጂ በኬኒያም ይገኛሉ፡፡ በደቡብ ሱዳን ያሉ አንዳንድ ጎሳዎችም በኢትዮጵያ የጋምቤላ ክልል ውስጥ ይገኛሉ፡፡ ይህ ሁኔታ ቀጠናው እጅግ ውስብስብ በሆነ የፖለቲካ፣የማኅበራዊ፣ የኢኮኖሚያዊ ግንኙነት ውስጥ ዘመናቸውን እንዲገፉ አድርጓል፡፡ ለዚህ ውስብስብ ችግሮች ላሉበት ቀጠና ግን ሁነኛ መፍትሔ ምንድነው የሚለውን ብዙ ፖለቲከኞች የየራሳቸው መላ ምት ይሰነዝራሉ፡፡

አሁን ባለው ወቅታዊ የፖለቲካ ግንኙነት ግን በኢትዮጵያ ያለውን የፖለቲካ ለውጥ ተከትሎ ከኤርትራ ጋር የተጀመረው የሰላም ስምምነት አዳዲስ ፍንጮችን እየሰጠ ነው፡፡ የኢትዮጵያ ጠቅላይ ሚንስትር ዶክተር አቢይ አህመድ ለቀጠናው ችግሮች ሁነኛው መፍትሔ የመደመርን ፍልስፍና መከተል ነው እያሉ ነው፡፡ የዚህ የመደመር ፍልስፍና የመጀመሪያው እርምጃም የኢኮኖሚ ውህደት/ጥምረት/ን  በአስቸኳይ እውን ማድረግ ነው፡፡ ይህ ግን ምን ያህል ተስፋ ሰጪ ነው? ምን ያህልስ ስጋቶች ተደቅነውበታል የሚሉት ነጥቦች መታየት ያለባቸው ሆነዋል፡፡

ተግዳሮቶች

አምባሳደር ዶክተር ካሳ ከበደ ‹‹በአፍሪካ ቀንድ የኢኮኖሚ ውሕደትን ማምጣት አስፈላጊ ቢሆንም በርካታ ፈታኝ ሁኔታዎች ያሉበት ቀጠና ነው፤እርስ በእርስ ሀገራቱ ያለመተማመን ችግር አለባቸው፤የድንበር ውዝግቦች አሉ፤ከፍተኛ የአርብቶ አደሮች የግጦሽ ፍለጋ እንቅስቃሴ እና ተያያዥ ግጭት ይስተዋላል፤ከፍተኛ ፍልሰት፤ድንበር ተሻጋሪ ወንጀሎች፤የሃይማኖት ጽንፈኝነቶች ይታያሉ›› በማለት ስጋት የሚሏቸውን ያስቀምጣሉ፡፡

በተጨባጭም የአፍሪካ ቀንድ ሀገራት የግንኙነት ታሪክ በፍጥጫ፣ በጥርጣሬ በመተያየት እና በግጭት የተሞላ ነው፡፡ ሶማሊያ በሲያድባሬ መሪነት ኢትዮጵያን ለመውረር ባደረገችው እንቅስቃሴ ምክንያት በሀገራቱ መካከል የሻከረ ግንኙነት ሰፍኖ ነበር፤ ሶማሊያ የሲያድባሬ መንግሥት ውድቀትን ተከትሎ የፈራረሰች ሀገር ሆናለች፡፡ ነገር ግን ለቀጠናው ፈጣን የሆኑ የተዋጊ ጦረኞች፣የሽብር ቡድኖች እንቅስቃሴ መናኸሪያ በመሆኗ ለኢትዮጵያ፣ለኬኒያና ለጂቡቲ ከፍተኛ ስጋት የሆኑ ግጭቶች ተስተናግዶባታል፡፡

ኤርትራ ከኢትዮጵያ ጋር በነበራት ፍጥጫ ምክንያት በሶማሊያ በኩል ጫና ስትፈጥር ቆይታለች፡፡ የውክልና ጦርነቶችም በሶማሊያ ውስጥ ይካሄዱ ነበር፡፡ ስለዚህ የድንበር አካባቢው በከፍተኛ የግጭት ውጣ ውረድ የተሞላ ነው፡፡

በሱዳን ያለው የእርስ በእርስ ጦርነት ለጊዜው ቆሞ ሁለቱ ሱዳኖች እንደ መንግሥት እውቅና አግኝተው ከመጡ በኋላ በመካከላቸው የተፈጠረው የድንበር ውዝግብ አሁንም ለቀጠናው ሰላም እና የኢኮኖሚ ውሕደት አመቺ እንዳልሆነ ይታሰባል፡፡ በኢትዮጵያ እና ሱዳን መካከል የነበረው አንዱ የአንዱን አማፂ የመርዳት ሂደት በመጨረሻ ኤርትራ ከኢትዮጵያ፣ ደቡብ ሱዳን ከሱዳን በመገንጠል ተጠናቋል፤ይሁን እንጂ በሁለቱ ሀገራት አሁንም ያልሰከኑ የድንበር ላይ ግጭቶች ይታያሉ፡፡ በአፍሪካ ቀንድ ያሉ ሀገራት አንዱ በአንዱ ውስጥ ያለው ፍላጎት እና ጣልቃገብነት ከፍተኛ ነው፡፡

ሌላው አጠቃላይ የአርብቶ አደሩ ቀጠና ቀውስ ነው፡፡ አርባ በመቶ የሚሆነው የአፍሪካ ቀንድ አካባቢ በአርብቶ አደሮች የተሞላ ነው፡፡ በሀገራቱ ያሉት የድንበር ወሰኖች እነዚህን አርብቶ አደር ማኅበረሰቦች በሁለት ወይም በሦስት ሀገራት ውስጥ ተበትነው የሚኖሩ አድርጓቸዋል፡፡ በደቡብ ኢትዮጵያ፣ በሰሜን ምዕራብ ኬንያ፣ በሰሜን ምሥራቅ ኡጋንዳ፣ ምስራቃዊ ደቡብ ሱዳን ውስጥ ያሉ የካራማጆ አርብቶ አደሮች ቀጠና አለ፡፡ በሁለተኛ ደረጃ ሰሜን ምስራቅ ኬንያ፣ ደቡብ ምሥራቅ ኢትዮጵያ ምዕራባዊ ሶማሊያ፣ እና ምዕራባዊ ጂቡቲን የሚሸፍነው የሶማሊ አርብቶ አደር ቀጠና ነው፡፡ ሦስተኛው ደግሞ ምስራቃዊ ኢትዮጵያ፣ሰሜናዊ ጂቡቲ እና ደቡባዊ ኤርትራን የሚሸፍነው የአፋር አርብቶ አደሮች ቀጠና ነው፡፡ አራተኛው የኑዌር ጋምቤላ የአርብቶ አደሮች ቀጠና ሲሆን፣ በምዕራባዊ ኢትዮጵያ እና በደቡብ ሱዳን ሰሜን ምስራቅ አካባቢ ያሉ ናቸው፡፡

የኤርትራ አካባቢም ከኢትዮጵያ ጋር ብቻ ሳይሆን ከጂቡቲ ጋር የተገቡ የድንበር ውዝግቦች የቆዩበት አካባቢ እና ወደፊት እንደሚፈቱ ገና ተስፋ የተደረገባቸው ናቸው፡፡ እነዚህ የአፍሪካ ቀንድ አካባቢዎች እጅግ በሚያሳስቡ እና አንዱ በአንዱ ላይ ተጽዕኖ በሚያሳድሩ የግጭት ሁኔታዎች የተሞሉ ናቸው የሚባለው ለዚህ ነው፡፡

አካባቢው ሰፊ እና ተከታታይነት የሚታይበት ፍልሰትን ያስተናግዳል፡፡ አንዱ ስደተኛ በሌላው ሀገር ቁጥሩ ከፍተኛ ነው፡፡ ምሁራንን ጨምሮ ከፍተኛ ቁጥር ያላቸው ዜጎች ከሀገራቸው ወጥተው የጎረቤት ሀገርን ምድር ረግጠው ወደ ሌላ ሦስተኛ ሀገር ያቀናሉ ወይም በዚያ ይቆያሉ፡፡

በተደራጀ ወንጀል ዘርፍ የሚገባው የባህር ላይ ውንብድና ለአካባቢው የወደቦች እንቅስቃሴ ዋስትና የማይሰጥ፣ለአካባቢው ሀገራትም ኢኮኖሚ ጫና የሚያሳድር ነው፡፡ የሃይማኖት ጽንፈኝነትም በአካባቢው የሚታይ ሌላው ፈታኝ ሁኔታ ነው፡፡ ከአልቃይዳ ጋር ትስስር ያላቸው አክራሪ ሙስሊም ሽብርተኞች ለኬኒያ፣ ሶማሊያ እና ኢትዮጵያ እጅግ አስጊ ሁኔታን ፈጥረው ይታያሉ፡፡

ሌላው ተግዳሮት በቀጠናው ሀገራት ያለው የዴሞክራሲያዊ ሥርዓት ግንባታ ሂደት መዘግየት ነው፡፡ አብዛኞቹ ሀገሮች ወደዚያ ሥርዓት የመሸጋገር ልምምድ ውስጥ ናቸው፡፡ በኤርትራ እና በፈረሰችው ሀገር ሶማሊያ ያለው ሁኔታ ገና ብዙ መሻሻል የሚፈልግ ነው፡፡ መንግሥታቱ ባላቸው ጠባያት እና እሴቶች የሚለያዩ ናቸው፡፡ ለምሳሌ ሱዳን እስልምናን የመንግሥቷ ሃይማኖት አድርጋ ትወስዳለች፡፡

በቀጠናው ልዕለ ኃያል ሆኖ የወጣ ሀገር አለመኖሩም ፈታኝ ነው፡፡ ኬኒያ፣ ኢትዮጵያ እና ሱዳን በቀጠናው በየራሳቸው ተፎካካሪ የሚሆኑባቸው አቅም አላቸው፡፡ ይህ ሆኖም ልቆ የወጣ የአካባቢ ኃይል የለም፡፡ ስለዚህ ሁሉ በራሱ የወደደውን እንዲያደርግ በጥርጣሬ ወይ በድፍረት ይንቀሳቀሳል እንጂ ለአካባቢያዊ ውህደት በጎ ተጽእኖ ለማሳደር የቻለ ኃይል የለም፡፡

በአፍሪካ ቀንድ ካለው የግጭት መስፋፋት እና የሰላም እጦት የተነሣ መፍትሔ ሊሆኑ ይችላሉ የሚባሉ በርካታ መላዎች ይሰነዘራሉ፡፡ ከእነዚህ ዋነኛው በሀገራቱ መካከል የኢኮኖሚ ውሕደት እንዲመጣ መሥራት ነው፡፡ ይህ ፍላጎት በግልጽ የሚታይ ነው፡፡

ይሁን እንጂ እነዚህ ጉዳዮች ለኢኮኖሚ ውሕደቱ ተግዳሮት ቢሆኑም እጅግ ሥልጡን በሆነ አመራር ደግሞ የኢኮኖሚ ውሕደት ወይም ውሕደቱ የሚፈታቸው ችግሮችም እንደሆኑ  ፖለቲከኞች እና ምሁራን ሁሉ የሚስማሙበት ነው፡፡ ዶክተር ካሳ ከበደም ጉዳዮቹን እንደ ስጋት ያንሷቸው እንጂ ቁልፍ የመፍትሔው አቅጣጫም የኢኮኖሚ ውሕደትን ማፋጠን እንደሆነ ‹‹የኢኮኖሚ ውሕደት በጎረቤት ሀገራት ሲኖር ግጭት የማስወገድ አቅም ሊኖረው ይችላል፡፡ ምክንያቱም በሀገራቱ የጋራ ጥቅም ላይ ስለሚገነባ ነው፡፡ ስለተፈለገ ግን ውሕደቱ እውን ይሆናል ማለት አይደለም›› ሲሉ አስተያየታቸውን ይሰጣሉ፡፡

የአውሮፓ ኅብረት የኢኮኖሚ ውሕደት

እንደ ተሞክሮ

ሁለት ታላላቅ የዓለማችንን ጦርነት ጸንሶ ለጥፋት ያሳደገው የአውሮፓውያን ዓለም በከፍተኛ ቁርቋሶ ውስጥ ዘመኑን የፈጀ አህጉር ነበር፡፡ አውሮፓ ከፍተኛ የሰላም ጥማት የነበረበት የፍጥጫ አህጉር ነበር፡፡ አውሮፓ ከዚህ ሰቀቀን የወጣው በተሳካ የኢኮኖሚ ውሕደት መሆኑን ያስታወሱት አምባሳደር ዶክተር ካሳ ከበደ ‹‹የተሳካ የኢኮኖሚ ውሕደት የታየው በአውሮፓ ነው፡፡ አውሮፓ ኅብረት በተጨባጭ ለዚህ ምሳሌ ሆኗል፡፡ የአውሮፓ ተሞክሮ ለችግሮች እንደ መድኅን የሚታይ ነው፡፡ ዶክተር አቢይም በአፍሪካ ቀንድ መደመር ያስፈልጋል የሚሉትን ሐሳብ ከዚህ አንጻር ነው የሚያዩት፤የእርሳቸው ሐሳብ እርስ በእርስ መቆራቆስ ሳይሆን ከጎረቤቶቻችን ጋራ በጋራ ብልጽግና እና በወል የመጠቃቀም መርኅ አንጻር ልንግባባ ልንተባባር እንችላለን ነው የሚል አቋም አላቸው›› ብለዋል፡፡

አውሮፓ ከሁለተኛው የዓለም ጦርነት በኋላ በነበረው የሰላም ጽኑ ፍላጎት እና ጥረት ምክንያት በሀገራቱ መካከል የተለያዩ የኢኮኖሚ የውሕደት ስምምነቶች ቢፈረሙ ቀጣይነት ያለው ሰላም ለማረጋገጥ አስተዋጽኦ እንደሚኖራቸው ታመነ፡፡ በዚህም መሰረት ደረጃ በደረጃ አጠቃላይ የሰላም ስምምነት/Comprehensive Peace Agreement (CPA)/ ተፈራረሙ፡፡ከዚያም የአውሮፓውያን የድንጋይ ከሰል እና ብረት ምርት ማኅበረሰብ /European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) ተቋቋመ፡፡ በሂደትም የአውሮፓ ኢኮኖሚ ኮሚሽንን /EEC/ አቋቋሙ፡፡ በዚህ በሂደት ነበር የአውሮፓ ህብረትን /EU/በማቋቋም ዘላቂ ሰላምን ለማስፈን የቻሉበት እድል የተገኘው፡፡ ይህ ሂደት እ.አ.አ ከ1951-1992 ድረስ ባለው ጊዜ ውስጥ እውን የሆነ ነበር፡፡

አምባሳደር ዶክተር ካሳ ከበደ አውሮፓ ስለደረሰበት ደረጃ ሲናገሩ ‹‹በአውሮፓ እኮ! አሁን ከኢኮኖሚ አልፎ ‹ዩናይትድ ስቴትስ ኦፍ ዩሮፕ› የሚለው የፖለቲካዊ ውሕደት እርምጃ እየተቀነቀነ ነው፡፡ በእርግጥ ቀኝ ዘመም የፖለቲካ አመለካከቶች እየተፈታተኑት እንደሆነም ይታያል፡፡ በእነዚህ ኃይሎች እንደገና የመጥበብ ዘመቻዎች እየተንሰራፉ ተግዳሮት እየሆኑት ነው፡፡ ይሁን እንጂ የአውሮፓ ተሞክሮ በህዝቦች መካከል ለጋራ ብልጽግና፣ ለሰላም፣ ለእድገት ዓይነተኛ ምሳሌ ነው ተብሎ ነው የሚታየው›› ብለዋል፡፡

አውሮፓ ህብረት ዛሬ ላይ የአውሮፓዊ ዜግነት የሚባል እሳቤን አምጥቷል፡፡ የጋራ የማኅበረሰብ፣ የህግ፣ የፖሊስ፣ የደኅንነት፣ የፋይናንስ፣… ተቋማት ገንብቷል፡፡ የጋራ ውጪ ጉዳይ እና ዲፕሎማሲያዊ ፖሊሲ አለው፡፡ የኢኮኖሚ ውሕደቱ ወደ ፖለቲካ ውሕደት ደርሷል፡፡ ጥንካሬው መሥራች ከሆኑት 28 ሀገራት ሌላ ሌሎችን የሚስብበት አደረጃጀት ፈጥሯል፡፡

አምባሳደር ካሳ ይሄ ተስፋ የአፍሪካ ቀንድም ሊጠብቀው ይገባል ይላሉ ‹‹በአፍሪካ ቀንድም ጠቅላይ ሚኒስትሩ ዐቢይ አህመድ ያሰቡት ከተሳካ ከኢኮኖሚ ውሕደትም ከፍ ብሎ ቅርበት ያላቸው ሀገራት ወደ ኮንፈዴሬሽን ከዚያም አልፎ ወደ ፌዴሬሽን ከዚያም ሲያድግ ወደ አንድ ሀገርነት /ዩናይትድ ስቴትስ ኦፍ ኢስት አፍሪካ/ ለመሆን የማንችልበት ምክንያት የለም፡፡ ለማንኛውም ግን በጎ እና የሚገፋፉ ምክንያቶች ያሉትን ያህል ደግሞ ጥንቃቄ የሚጠይቁ ጉዳዮች አሉ፡፡ የእነዚህ ጉዳዮች መክበድ እና መቅለል ደግሞ የአፈጻጸሙን ሂደት ፍጥነት የሚወስኑት ይመስለኛል›› ብለዋል፡፡

በእርግጥም በአውሮፓ ይህ እውን እንዲሆን የረዱ አራት መሠረታዊ አስቻይ ሁኔታዎች ነበሩ፡፡ በመስራች ሀገራቱ የጋራ እሴቶች እና ጠባያት ነበሩ፡፡ ተግባራዊ ውሕደትን የሚጋብዙ ዘመናዊ/ዳይናሚክ/ ኢኮኖሚ የያዙ ሀገራት ነበሩ፡፡ የኃይል ሚዛን መመጣጠን እና ኒኩሌር ስጋትን የሚቀርፍ የአሜሪካ ወታደራዊ ትብብር መኖሩ፣ ለአውሮፓ ማኅበረሰብ ውሕደት ቁልፍ ሚና ነበራቸው፤ ፈረንሳይ እና ጀርመን የነበራቸው ቁርጠኝነት ከፍተኛ መሆኑም ተጠቃሽ ነው፡፡ ይህ ታዲያ በአፍሪካ ቀንድ የኢኮኖሚ ውሕደት እርምጃ ውስጥ ለመግባት ከታሰበ ምን ዓይነቱን ሳይንሳዊ መንገድ ተከትሎ ቢኬድ የተሳካ ይሆናል የሚለው የብዙዎች ጥያቄ ነው፡፡

አማራጭ የውሕደት ትልም

በአፍሪካ ቀንድ የኢኮኖሚ ውሕደት እውን ይሁን ተብሎ ከታሰበ ምን ዓይነት ቅርጽ ያለው? በምን ሁኔታ ተጀምሮ ወደ ምን ደረጃ ሊያድግ የሚችል ነው? የሚለውን በአግባቡ መጤን እንዳለበት ምሁራን ይገልጻሉ፡፡

ሙሉጌታ ገብረሕይወት የተባሉ ተመራማሪ “Economic Integration as a Peacebuilding Strategy in the Horn of Africa with Particular Focus on Ethiopia and Its Four Neighbours” በሚል ርእስ በAfSol Journal Volume 1, Issue 1 ላይ ባወጡት ጥናታዊ ጽሑፍ አማራጮችን አቅርበዋል፡፡

አንዱ አማራጭ የልዕለ መንግሥታት ዘዴ /The Supranational Approaches/ ሲሆን የዚህ አካሔድ መሰረቱ ንጹህ የኢኮኖሚ ምክንያቶች ብቻ የድንበር ተሻጋሪ ትብብሩን እንዲያሳልጥ የሚፈልግ ነው፡፡ የኢኮኖሚው ተዋንያን ብቻ ማለትም የመንግሥት ኢንተርፕራይዞች፣ መንግሥታዊ ያልሆኑ የቢዝነስ ድርጅቶች፣ ግዙፍ ዓለም አቀፍ ኩባንያዎች በሥራዎቻቸው የድርጅቶቹን ፍላጎት ብቻ ለማሳደግ ወይም ትርፍን የማዳበር አካሄድን ይዘው የኢኮኖሚ ልማት መርኆዎችን እና አመክንዮን መመሪያ አድርገው ሲንቀሳቀሱ ሊያሰፍኑት የሚችሉት የውሕደት አካሄድ ነው፡፡

ይህንንም በአንድ በኩል የኢኮኖሚ ተቋማት የኢኮኖሚ ፍላጎቶቻቸውን ብቻ ለማሟላት በሚያደርጉት ድንበር ተሻጋሪ ጥረት ውስጥ በሀገራቱ ያሉ ዜጎች በሚፈጠርባቸው አንዱ ሌላውን ለቢዝነሶቻቸው የመፈለግ ከፍተኛ ዝንባሌ ውስጥ ትብብሩን /ውሕደቱን ወደፊት ገፍቶ የሚያመጣ ተግባራዊ /functionalists/ አካሔድ ነው፡፡ የፖለቲካ ልሒቃን የሉዓላዊ ግዛትነት ማጣት ወይም መላላት ያስከትልብናል ብለው የሚሰጉ ኃይሎችን ሳያሳትፍ የኢኮኖሚው ሳይንስ እና የኢኮኖሚ ፍሰቱ የሚወልዳቸው ተቋማት ባስከተሉት አዎንታዊ ግፊት የሚመጣ ውሕደት ነው፡፡

በሌላ በኩል ግን ከዚህ በዘለለ የፖለቲካ ልሒቃኑ ለዚህ ኢኮኖሚው ገፍቶ ላመጣው የውሕደት ሂደት አጋዥ የሆኑ የፖሊሲ ማዕቀፎችን ወደማዘጋጀት ሲሄዱ እና በአንድ የጋራ የኢኮኖሚ ፖሊሲ የሚመራ አካባቢያዊ ውሕደት የመሆን ከፍተኛ እድል ነው፡፡ ይህ እጅግ የላቀ እና አካባቢያዊ/ድንበር ተሻጋሪ/ የኢኮኖሚ ውሕደት የኢኮኖሚ ትብብሩን ቁልፍ አድርጎ ወደ ፖለቲካዊ ውሕደት የሚወስድ አዲስ ተግባራዊ/neo- functionalists/ አካሔድ ነው፡፡ በመጀመሪያው አማራጭ የኢኮኖሚው ተዋንያን ሚና ብቻ የሚኖርበት ሲሆን በሁለተኛው አማራጭ ግን የኢኮኖሚው ተዋንያን ያመጡት ግፊት የፖለቲካ ልሂቃኑን ሚና የሚያስከትል ሆኖ ይታያል፡፡

በዚህ የውሕደት አካሔድ ለአካባቢው የሚገኘው ሰላም እና ጸጥታ ከታች ወደ ላይ በሚካሄድ ጥረት ነው፡፡ ይህ ዓይነቱን የውሕደት መንገድ ግን ተመራጭ የሚሆነው እጅግ ፈጣን ዘመናዊነትና ተለዋዋጭነት ባለው፣ የእሴት ፈጠራ አቅም በጎለበተበት በኢንዱስትሪ በበለጸጉ አካባቢዎች ሊሆን የሚችል እንደሆነ ተመራማሪው ያብራራሉ፡፡ የአፍሪካ ቀንድ ኢኮኖሚ ግን መሠረቱ ግብርና እና የተፈጥሮ ሀብትን መጠቀም ላይ የተመሠረተ ሲሆን፣ እሴት የመፍጠር አቅም በዝቅተኛ ደረጃ ላይ የሚገኝበት ኢኮኖሚ በመሆኑ የዚህ የውሕደት አማራጭ ስልት ተጠቃሚ የመሆን እድሉ ዝቅተኛ ነው ማለታቸው ነው፡፡

ተመራማሪው ሙሉጌታ ገብረህይወት እንዳስቀመጡት ሁለተኛው አማራጭ የበይነ-መንግሥታት ዘዴ /The Intergovernmental Approaches/ የሚባለው ነው፡፡ ይህ ዓለም አቀፍ ግንኙነቱ/ትብብሩ የሚወሰነው በመንግሥታት ደረጃ ብቻ ሲሆን ነው፡፡ ይህ ደግሞ የመንግሥታቱን የሃይል አሰላለፍ፤ ያላቸውን ወታደራዊ፣ ዲፕሎማሲያዊ፣ ኢኮኖሚያዊ አቅሞች፣ የጥሬ ሀብት ይዞታ መጠን፣ የገበያ ቁጥጥር ችሎታ የካፒታል ምንጮችን የመያዝ አቅም፣ ከፍተኛ የጥራትና መጠን ያላቸውን ሸቀጦች የማምረት እና የተወዳዳሪነት/የድርድር አቅሞቻቸውን ይወስናል፡፡ ጠንካሮቹ በደካሞቹ ላይ ተጽዕኖ የማሳደር አቅም ይኖራቸዋል፡፡ በዚህ ሂደት የሚፈጠር የኢኮኖሚ ውሕደት ሄዶ ሄዶ የአንድን ሀገር የራስ የኢኮኖሚ ቁጥጥር እየቀነሰ ከዚያ በላቁ የበይነ መንግሥታት ተቋማት የመመራት ሂደት ውስጥ የሚያስገባ ነው፡፡

መንግሥታት ተስማምተውበት ከገቡ በኋላ ከሉዓላዊ መንግ ሥታት በላይ የሆኑ የበይነ- መንግሥ ታት ሕግ እና ደንቦች እንዲ ሁም ተቋ ማት በስም ምነታቸው መሰረት ግንኙነቶችን ሁሉ ይወስናሉ፡፡ በአንዱ ሀገር የሚፈጠሩ የኢኮኖሚ ቀውሶች በሌላው ሀገር ላይ በቀጥታ ተጽእኖ የሚያሳድሩበት ዕድል አለ፡፡ ያም ሆኖ መሰረቱ መንግሥታት የየራሳቸውን የድርድር አቅም ይዘው የሚገቡበት፣ ጠንካራ እና ደካማ ሀገራት እኩል የመወሰን ድርሻ ሳይኖራቸው የሚሳተፉበት ውሕደት ስለሚሆን የአንዱ ሉዓላዊ መንግሥት ውሳኔ በሌላው ላይ ተጽእኖ አለው፡፡

ተመራማሪው ሙሉጌታ ገብረህይወት ሦስተኛው አማራጭ ብለው የሚያቀርቡት እና ለአፍሪካ ቀንድ ተስማሚ ሊሆን ይችላል የሚሉት ዘዴ ግን የሁለቱን ድብልቅ/The Hybrid Approaches/ እንደ አካሄድ መጠቀም ነው፡፡ እያደገ ያለውን አንዱ ሀገር ሌላውን የመፈለግ የኢኮኖሚ ግፊት እና ዓለም አቀፉን ግንኙነት በሕግ እና ደንብ የሚመሩ ዓለም አቀፍ ገዢ ተቋማት እየተበራከቱ እየተሳሰሩ መምጣታቸውን ከግምት ያስገባ ድብልቅ አካሄድ መከተል ነው፡፡  ዓለም አቀፍ መንግሥታት/ተቋማት የሚያወጡት ህግ እና የሚጥሉት ማእቀብ እጅግ ተጽእኖ እያሳደረ መምጣቱ በግልጽ የሚታይ ሲሆን፣ ይሄንን መነሻ አድርጎ የበይነ- መንግሥታት የኢኮኖሚ ውሕደት የሚዘለልበት አካሄድ አይኖርም፡፡ በሌላ በኩል የንግድ ውድድር ያለውሕደት የማይቻልበት ደረጃ ላይ እየተደረሰ ባለበት በዚህ ወቅት የአንዱ ሀገር የኢኮኖሚ ተዋንያን የሌላውን ውሕደት እና ቅንጅት ሳይዙ መስራት የሚቻል አይሆንም፡፡ ስለዚህ ሁለቱን መከተል የሚመረጥ እየሆነ ነው፡፡

እነዚህ ከላይ የተጠቀሱት አካሄዶች ሁሉ ሊሠሩ በሚችሉባቸው ዐውዶች ውስጥ ሁሉ ስሙር ናቸው፡፡ ይሁን እንጂ የሀገራት ፍላጎት ተለዋዋጭ በሆነበት፣ የተፈጥሮ እና ሰው ሠራሽ ግፊቶች የሚወልዷቸው ሁኔታዎች በየጊዜው ተለዋዋጭ በሆኑበት በዚህ ዘመን ለአፍሪካ ቀንድ የኢኮኖሚ ውሕደት ድብልቅ አካሄድን መጠቀም የተሻለ እንደሆነ ይመክራሉ፡፡

የኢኮኖሚ ትብብሩ አሁን ያለበት ደረጃ

በአፍሪካ ቀንድ በሀገራት መካከል ያለው የንግድ ግንኙነት/ልውውጥ/ ደረጃ እጅግ ዝቅተኛ ነው፡፡ ይህም ቢሆን በድንበር አካባቢ ያሉ አንዳንድ ግጭቶችን ለመቆጣጠር በማሰብ የሚደረግ ውስን ግብይት ነው፡፡ በሁለትዮሽ የሚፈጸም የገቢና የወጪ ንግድ ልውውጥ ደረጃው ዝቅተኛ ነው፡፡ የዚህ ምክንያት ደግሞ አብዛኛውን የሀገራቱ ኢኮኖሚ መሰረቱ የግብርና ምርት መሆኑ ነው፡፡

ለውጪ ገበያ የሚመረተውን ምርት ስናይ ኢትዮጵያ፣ኬኒያ እና ኡጋንዳ በተመሳሳይ ሁኔታ ቡናን ለኤክስፖርት ያቀርባሉ፡፡ ኬኒያ እና ኢትዮጵያ በተመሳሳይ የአበባ ምርት ለውጪ ገበያ ያቀርባሉ፡፡ ኬኒያ እና ኡጋንዳ በተመሳሳይ የሻይ ቅጠል ምርትን ይፎካከሩበታል፡፡ ሀገራቱ ወደ ውጪ በሚልኩት ብቻ ሳይሆን ወደ ሀገር ውስጥ በሚያስገቡትም ተመሳሳይ ናቸው፡፡ ከዓለም አቀፉ ገበያ ቴክኖሎጂን፣ ለካፒታል ፕሮጄክቶች የሚያስፈልጉ ሸቀጦችን፣ የከፍተኛ  ዕውቀት ፍሬዎች የሆኑ ምርቶችን ያስገባሉ፡፡ ዝቅተኛውን ተፈላጊ የዕሴት ፈጠራ አቅምን እንኳን ለማግኘት የመሰረተ ልማት እና ተያያዥ ነገሮች በዝቅተኛ ደረጃ ላይ መሆን፣ ዝቅተኛ የቴክኖሎጂ ፈጠራ እውቀት እና ክህሎት፣ ደካማ የገንዘብ አቅም፣ ደካማ አስተዳደር ማነቆዎች ሆነዋል፡፡ ይህ አንዱ ሀገር ለሌላው ያላቸውን አስፈላጊነት አውርዶታል፡፡

አሁን ከኢትዮጵያ በኩል የተጀመሩ አንዳንድ ጥረቶች ተስፋ ቢሰጡም በጎ ተጽእኖ መፍጠር የሚችሉበት ደረጃ ላይ ግን አልደረሱም፡፡ ለምሳሌ ኃይል ልማት እና ሥርጭትን በጋራ ተጠቃሚነት ላይ የማስኬድ እንዲሁም የባቡር መስመር ዝርጋታ ሊጠቀሱ ይችላሉ፡፡

 

ተስፋ ሰጪ እርምጃዎች

የኢትዮጵያው ጠቅላይ ሚኒስትር ዶክተር አቢይ አህመድ የሀገሪቱን የሥልጣን መንበር ከያዙ በኋላ በአፍሪካ ቀንድ ከፍተኛ መነቃቃት እንዲፈጠር እየሠሩ ነው፡፡ ይህ እርምጃ የአፍሪካ ቀንድ የኢኮኖሚ ውሕደቱን በፍጥነት ወደ ተግባር እንዲያስገባ ግፊት እያደረጉ ነው፡፡ ይህ ደግሞ ከሀገራቱ በጎ ምላሽ እያስገኘላቸው ነው፡፡ የአሁኑ እንቅስቃሴ የበለጠ ትኩረት እንዲሰጠው ያደረገውም ጠቅላይ ሚኒስትሩ ላይ ከፍተኛ መተማመን እየተፈጠረ በመምጣቱ እንደሆነ ዶክተር ካሳ ከበደ እንዲህ ሲሉ ያብራራሉ ‹‹የኢኮኖሚ ትብብሩ የክቡር ጠቅላይ ሚኒስትሩ ዶክተር አቢይ አህመድ ራዕይ ነው ብዬ እንዳስብ የገፋፉኝ ምክንያቶች አሉ፤ ይሄንን ራዕይ ለመተግበር ደግሞ ያገዘ ነባራዊ ሁኔታ አለ ብዬ አምናለሁ፡፡ ምክንያቱም ሌሎች የውጪ ኃይሎች የዚያን ዓይነቱን ሂደት አዝማሚያ ሲቃወሙ የኖሩ ኃይሎች አሁን ደጋፊ ሆነው ተሰልፈዋል፡፡

የዶክተር አቢይ ራዕይ እንደተጠበቀ ሆኖ አንዱ ሉዓላዊ ሀገር ከሌሎች ሉዓላዊ በኢኮኖሚም ይሁን በፖለቲካ ወይም በሌላ ወደ ውሕደት እገባለሁ በሚልበት ሁኔታ መታየት ያለባቸው ብዙ ሁኔታዎች አሉ፡፡ በመሰረቱ በተናጠል ከመስራት ከጎረቤት ሀገራት ጋር ሆኖ መስራት በተለይ ኢኮኖሚውን በሚመለከት አስፈላጊነቱ የታመነው ቀደም ባሉም የኢኮኖሚ ልሂቃንም ነው፡፡ በ1960ዎቹ የነበረው የምሥራቅ አፍሪካ የኢኮኖሚ ማኅበረሰብ የሚለው እሳቤ ነበር፡፡ በአህጉሪቱ ክልላዊ ኢኮኖሚ ውሕደት ፈጥሮ ከዚያ ወደ አፍሪካ አህጉራዊ እርምጃ የመግባት ራዕይ ነበር፡፡ የአባቶቻችን ህልም ነበር፡፡ ያ፤ ህልም እንግዲህ እስከ አሁን አልተሳካም የተወሰነ በምዕራብ አፍሪካ ጥሩ እንቅስቃሴ አለ፡፡››

በቅርቡ በተደረገው የቻይና አፍሪካ የውሕደት መድረክ ላይ የተገናኙት የሶማሊያ፣ የኢትዮጵያ እና የኤርትራ መሪዎች የኢኮኖሚና የፀጥታ መረጋጋትን በአካባቢው ሀገራት ለማስፈን ውይይት አድርገዋል፡፡ በውይይቱም የሶማሊያው ፕሬዚዳንት ሞሃመድ አብዱላሂ ፋርማጆ በአፍሪካ ቀንድ በቀጠናው የነጻ ንግድ ፍሰት፣ የጋራ የኢኮኖሚ ውሕደት እንዲኖር ያላቸውን ራዕይ ግልጽ አድርገዋል፡፡ ሶማሊያ ለኢኮኖሚ እና ማኅበራዊ ውሕደቱ ቁልፍ ሚና እንደምትጫወት ንግድ እና ኢንቨስትመንትን ለማሳደግ የህዝብ እና የቢዝነሶችን ግንኙነት ለማሻሻል ለመሥራት ፍላጎት እንዳላት አስታውቀዋል፡፡ ለዚህም የሚያግዝ መሠረተ ልማት ለማስፋፋት ከቻይና ጋር “Belt and Road Initiative” የተባለውን ስምምነት መፈራረሟም ታውቋል፡፡

ጠቅላይ ሚኒስትር አቢይ አህመድ ወደ ሱዳን ባደረጉት የጉብኝት ፕሮግራምም ከፕሬዚዳንት አልበሽር ጋር ባደረጉት ውይይት የባቡር መስመር የማስፋፋት ሥራን ለቀጠናው ኢኮኖሚ ውሕደት እንደ እንደ መሣሪያ አስቀምጠዋል፡፡ የባቡር መስመር በበለጸጉት ሀገራትም ከፍተኛ የኢኮኖሚ እድገት እና ልማት መሳሪያ በመሆኑ ይሄንን የቀጠናው ቁልፍ መሰረተ ልማት ማድረግ ወሳኝ ነው፡፡  ባቡር ከፍተኛ መጠን ያለው ጭነት እና ተሳፋሪዎችን ይዞ በአጭር ጊዜ በዝቅተኛ ዋጋ የሚያጓጉዝ ስለሆነ ለቀጠናው ኢኮኖሚ ውሕደት እና ልማት ያለው ጥቅም እጅግ ከፍተኛ ነው፡፡ የዋጋ ቅናሽ እና ውጤታማነት ለመሠረተ ልማቱ ተመራጭነት ምክንያቶች ነበሩ፡፡

እስከ አሁን የኢትዮጵያ ጂቡቲ የኤሌክትሪክ ባቡር ሥራ የተጀመረ ሲሆን በአፍሪካ ረጅሙ በኤሌክትሪክ የሚሠራ የባቡር ትራንስፖርት ሆኖ ተመዝግቧል፡፡ ይሄንኑ መስመርም ከሞጆ-ሐዋሳ- ሞያሌ- አድርሶ ከኬኒያ መስመር ጋር የማገናኘት ፕሮጄክትም አለ፡፡ የሰበታ -አምቦ- ጂማ መስመር ደግሞ ከደቡብ ሱዳን እንዲገናኝ ታቅዷል፡፡ የወልዲያ ባህር ዳር ወሮታ መስመርም ደግሞ ከሱዳን ጋር እንዲተሳሰር ታቅዷል፡፡

የሱዳኑ ፕሬዚዳንት ኦማር ሃሰን አልበሽር በጥር 2018 ላይ ይፋ እንዳደረጉት ሱዳንን ከኢትዮጵያ እና ከደቡብ ሱዳን የሚያገናኝ ባቡር መስመር ግንባታ እቅድ እንዳላት ነው፤ ኬኒያም ከሞምባሳ ተነስቶ ከኢትዮጵያ ጋ የሚገናኝ የባቡር መስመር ለመዘርጋት እየተንቀሳቀሰች ነው፡፡ አሥር ሀገራትን ያቋርጣል የሚባለው ከጂቡቲ ዳካር የሚሠራው የባቡር ትራንስፖርት እቅድም በአፍሪካ ኅብረት ትኩረት ከተሰጣቸው ፕሮጀክቶች አንዱ ነው፡፡ የባቡር ትራንስፖርቱ በሀገራቱ ላሉ ሥራ አጥ ዜጎች ሥራ እድል እንዲሰፋላቸው ከማድረጉም በተጨማሪ የየሀገራቱን ንግድ ልውውጥ መጠንን ፍጥነት ያሳድጋል፡፡

የኢትዮጵያ ቁልፍ ሚና

ኢትዮጵያ በአፍሪካ ቀንድ ለሚፈጠር ኢኮኖሚያዊ ውሕደት ማዕከል የመሆን ዕድል አላት፡፡ ኢትዮጵያ የአፍሪካ የአረንጓዴ ኃይል ማማ ሆና የመሥራት ብርቱ እቅድ አላት፡፡ ከፍተኛ የካፒታል በጀትም ለኃይል ልማት በተለይም ለሃይድሮ ኤሌክትሪክ ኃይል ማመንጫ ግድቦች ስራ መድባ እየተንቀሳቀሰች ነው፡፡ በተጨማሪም የነፋስ እና የጂኦተርማል የሶላር የባዮ ፊዩል ኃይል ልማት ላይ በርካታ ፕሮጄክቶች አላት፡፡ የኃይል አቅርቦቱ እንቅስቃሴ የውጪ ኢንቨስተሮችን ቀልብ በመሳቡ በግብርና፣ በኢንዱስትሪ እና በመሰረተ ልማት ዘርፍ በኢትዮጵያ ኢንቨስት ለማድረግ ከፍተኛ ፍላጎት አሳይተዋል፡፡ በቆዳ እና ጨርቃ ጨርቅ ኢንደስትሪ በርካቶች ተሳትፎ እያደረጉም ይገኛሉ፡፡ ይህ ደግሞ ሀገሪቱን ብቻ ሳይሆን የቀጠናውን እና የአህጉሩን ፖለቲካዊ፣ ማኅበራዊና ኢኮኖሚያዊ መልክ ይቀይራል ተብሎ ይታሰባል፡፡

ኢትዮጵያ ወደዚህ እርምጃ ለመግባት የሚያስችሏት ጠንካራ ግንኙነቶችን ከአፍሪካ ቀንድ ሀገራት ጋር ጀምራለች፡፡ ኢትዮጵያ ከጂቡቲ ጋር ያላት የኢኮኖሚ ውሕደት ጅማሮ ከሌሎች የቀጠናው ሀገራት ሁሉ የተሻለ ነው፡፡ እንደ ኦል አፍሪካን ዶት ኮም ዘገባ በአካባቢው ሀገራት ከተደረጉ የኢኮኖሚ ውሕደት ጅምሮች መካከል የኢትዮጵያ እና የጂቡቲን ያህል የተራመደ የለም፡፡ በስፋት መሰረተ ልማት ፕሮጀክቶች ላይ መዋእለ ንዋይ አፍሰዋል፡፡ የመንገድ እና ባቡር መስመር መዘርጋቱ ሥራ ውጤታማ ነበር፡፡ በኃይል እና በውሃ ሴክተሮች ውህደት የታየበት ሥራ ተመዝግቧል፡፡ በቴሌኮም አገልግሎትም ለመያያዝ እየሠሩ ነው፡፡ በቱሪዝምም የአንዱ ሀገር ዜጋ ወደ ሌላው በመሄድ ታሪካዊ፣ ባህላዊ እና ተፈጥሯዊ የሆኑ መስህቦችን ከመጎብኘት አንጻር እያደጉ የመጡ ሁኔታዎች አሉ፡፡ ከምንም በላይ ግን በአገልግሎት ሴክተሩ ያለው ጥምረት ከፍተኛ ደረጃ የደረሰ ነው፡፡

ጂቡቲ በዋናነት የወደብ አገልግሎት ለኢትዮጵያ በመስጠት ተጠቃሚ እየሆነች ነው፤ ኢትዮጵያ ቡና፣ ወርቅ፣ ቆዳና ሌጦ፣ አትክልትና ፍራፍሬ እንዲሁም ኃይል ኤክስፖርት በማድረግ ከጂቡቲ ጋር እየተሳሰረች ነው፡፡ ኢትዮጵያ ለጅቡቲ 65 ሜጋ ዋት ለንግድ አቅርባለች፡፡ ባለፈው እ.አ.አ በሀምሌ 2018 ላይ ጠቅላይ ሚኒስትር አቢይ በተገኙበት ጅቡቲ ያስመረቀችው በ340 ሚሊዮን የአሜሪካን ዶላር የተገነባ ነጻ የንግድ ቀጠናም ለሁለቱ ሀገራትም ይሁን ለቀጠናው የኢኮኖሚ ውሕደት አጋዥ ፕሮጄክት ነበር፡፡

ኢትዮጵያ ከሱዳን ጋር ያላት የኢኮኖሚ ግንኙነት ሲታይ ደግሞ ከጅቡቲ እና ከሶማሊያ ቀጥሎ ሱዳን አንዷ ዋነኛ የኢትዮጵያ ኤክስፖርት ገበያ መዳረሻ ነች፡፡ ኢትዮጵያ ወደ ሱዳን የቁም ከብት፣ ቡና እና ጥራጥሬ ትልካለች፡፡ ኢትዮጵያ ከሱዳን የምታስገባው ነዳጅ ዘይት አለ፡፡ ይሄንን ሊያካክስ በሚችል ደረጃ ኤሌክትሪክ ኃይል ሽያጭን ለማስፋፋት እየተሠራ ነው፡፡ ኢትዮጵያ ለሱዳን 100 ሜጋ ዋት ኃይል ለንግድ አቅርባለች፡፡ በኢትዮጵያ እና በሱዳን መካከል የ156 ኪ.ሜ የመንገድ ሥራ ከመተማ እስከ ገዳሪፍ ድረስ መሠራቱ እና የቴሌኮሚዩኒኬሽን መስመር ዝርጋታ ሥራዎች ተከናውነዋል፡፡

ኢትዮጵያ ከኬኒያም ጋር ጠንካራ ፖለቲካዊ፣ ኢኮኖሚያዊ ግንኙነት ያላት ሀገር ነች፡፡ የመንገድ እና የኤሌክትሪክ መስመር ዝርጋታ ፕሮጀክቶቹ ይሄንን የውሕደት እርምጃ በጉልህ ያሳያሉ፡፡ ኢትዮጵያ ለኬኒያም እስከ 400 ሜጋ ዋት ኃይል ለማቅረብ ስምምነት ላይ ደርሳለች፡፡ በአፍሪካ ዴቨሎፕመንት ባንክ ወጪ በ1.26 ቢሊዮን የአሜሪካን ዶላር እየተከናወነ ያለውና በቻይና ኤሌክትሪክ ኃይል መሳሪያዎች እና ቴክኖሎጂ እየተሠራ ያለው ዝርጋታ ግንኙነቱን የበለጠ የሚያሳድግ ነው፡፡

ኢትዮጵያና እና ሶማሊያ የኢኮኖሚ ግንኙነቶችን ወደ ውሕደት የሚያሻግሩ ስምምነቶች ላይ እየደረሱ ነው፡፡ ዶክተር አቢይ አህመድ እና ፋርማጆ ባደረጉት ውይይት የኢኮኖሚ ግንኙነቱን የሚያደናቅፉ ውስንነቶችን ለመቅረፍ እንደሚሠሩ ታውቋል፡፡ ሁለቱን ሀገራት የሚያገናኙ ቁልፍ የመሰረተ ልማት ሥራዎችን በወደቦች እና በመንገዶች ላይ በማተኮር ለመስራት ታቅዷል፡፡ የግሉ ሴክተር በሁለቱም ሀገራት ኢንቨስት እንዲያደርግ ለማበረታታት፣ የሥራ ዕድል የሚስፋፉ የውጪ ኢንቨስትመንቶችን በጋራ ለመሳብ ይሠራሉ፡፡ ዲፕሎማሲያዊ ግንኙነቱም ወደ በለጠ ደረጃ እንዲያድግ ይተጋሉ፤ ለዚያም የሚስፈልግ የጋራ የውሕደት ኮሚሽን(JCC)  በሚኒስትሮች ደረጃ አዋቅረዋል፡፡

ኢትዮጵያ ከደቡብ ሱዳን ጋር ባላት ግንኙነትም ተስፋ ሰጪ ጅምሮች እየታዩ ነው፡፡ የደቡብ ሱዳንን የሰላም ስምምነት በማሳለጥ ወደ መረጋጋት እንድትመጣ እየሠራች ነው፡፡ ዶክተር አቢይ አህመድ ለዚህ ሰላም መምጣት ማስተዋል የተሞላ ጉልህ ሚና የተጫወቱ ሲሆን ደቡብ ሱዳን ወደ ግብጽ የነበራትን የዲፕሎማሲያዊ ግንኙነት ዝንባሌም ወደ ኢትዮጵያ እንድትመልስ ለማድረግ ከፍተኛ ጥረት ተደርጓል፡፡

የኢትዮ-ኤርትራ ሰላም እንደ መሠረት

በአፍሪካ ቀንድ ለሚኖረው የኢኮኖሚ ውህደት እንቅፋት ተደርጎ ሲወሰድ የነበረው የኢትዮ-ኤርትራ የሻከረ ግንኙነት በዶክተር አቢይ ጠንካራ ውሳኔ ፈር መያዙ በቀጠናው ለሚደረገው ውህደት ተስፋ ሰጪ ሆኗል፡፡ ኢትዮጵያ በአካባቢው ጸጥታ እና ሰላም እንዲሰፍን የምታደርገውን ጥረትም በኤርትራ ላይ የምትከተለውን ፖሊሲ በመቀየር ያላትን ቁርጠኝነት አሳይታለች፡፡ ይህ የዓለምን ቀልብ የሳበ እና ለቀጠናው ሀገራትም ውህደት ከፍተኛ ተስፋ የሰጠ ነው፡፡ ኢትዮጵያ በኢጋድ እና በአፍሪካ ህብረት ያላትም ተሰሚነት በአፍሪካ ቀንድ ለሚፈጠረው ኢኮኖሚያዊ ውሕደት ማእከል እና ቁልፍ ተዋናይ የመሆን ዕድሏን በግልጽ የሚያመላክት ነው፡፡ በአፍሪካ ያላት ሰላም አስከባሪነት ሚና በጎረቤት ሀገራት ለምሳሌ በካርቱም እና ጁባ መንግሥታት ያላት ተሰሚነት በሶማሊያ ፌዴራላዊ መንግሥት ጋር ያለው ውሕደት በየጊዜው ማደግ፣ ከጂቡቲ ጋር ያለው ኢኮኖሚያዊ ጥምረት ኢትዮጵያን በአካባቢው ቁልፍ ተዋናይ መሆኗን አጉልቶ የሚያሳይ ነው፡፡

ኤርትራ ከኢትዮጵያ ጋር የሰላም ስምምነት መፈረሟ እና ለሁለት አሥርት ዓመታት ያክል ተቋርጦ የነበረው ሁለንተናዊ የነበረውን እጅግ ትልቅ የማኅበረሰብ እና የኢኮኖሚ የውሕደት ተፈጥሯዊ ግንኙነት ግፊት በፍጥነት እንዲጀመር አድርጎታል፡፡ የሰላም ስምምነቱ በተፈረመ በወራት ጊዜያት ውስጥ የአየር እና የምድር ትራንስፖርት አገልግሎት መከፈቱ፣ የወደብ አገልግሎት መጀመሩ፣ ህዝብ ለህዝብ ግንኙነቱ መጨመሩ፣ ቱሪዝም ፍሰቱ በተለይ ወደ ኤርትራ እየሰፋ መምጣቱ … የቀጣዩ የአፍሪካ ቀንድ ተስፋ አመላካች እየሆነ ነው፡፡

የኤርትራ እና የኢትዮጵያ ግንኙነት ከሌሎች የቀጠናው ሀገራት ጋር በንጽጽር ሲታይ የተለየ ገጽታ እንዳለው ዶክተር ካሳ ከበደ ያብራራሉ፤ ‹‹የኤርትራ እና የኢትዮጵያ ግንኙነት ከሌሎች የአፍሪካ ቀንድ ሀገራት ግንኙነት የተለየ ነው፡፡ ኤርትራ በታሪኳ የኢትዮጵያ አካል ሆና የኖረች ሀገር ነበረች፡፡ ኢትዮጵያ አንዳንዶች የሦስት ሺህ፣ አንዳንዶች የሁለት ሺሕ አምስት መቶ ዓመታት ታሪክ ባለቤት ነች ይላሉ፡፡ ሁሉም ቀርቶ ግን ከክርስቶስ ልደት በኋላ ያለውን ማለትም ባለፉት 2000 ዓመታት ያህል ቢታሰብ እንኳን ከዚያን ጊዜ ጀምሮ ኤርትራ ኢትዮጵያ ግዛት አካል እንደነበር የሚያከራክር አይደለም፡፡ ከኢትዮጵያ ግዛት እስከ አምስት በመቶ የምትሆነው ኤርትራ በጣሊያኖች ከዚያም በእንግሊዞች ወታደራዊ አስተዳደር ስር የቆየችበት አጭር ጊዜ በታሪክ ከኢትዮጵያ ጋ ተሳስራ ከኖረችበት የረጅም ዘመን ጋር ሲነጻጸር ኤርትራን ሌላ ሀገር አድርጎ ለማሰብ የሚያበቃ አይደለም፡፡ በየወቅቱ የነበሩ አስተዳደሮችን ተቃውመው የቆሙ ኃይሎች የፈጠሩት አላስፈላጊ ሁኔታ ያስከተለው ነው፡፡››

ዶክተር ካሳ ከበደ የኢኮኖሚ ትብብሩ በኢትዮጵያ እና በኤርትራ መጀመሩ እና መሰረት መጣሉ ትልቅ ትርጉም እንዳለው ሲናገሩ ደግሞ ‹‹የኢኮኖሚ ትብብሩ በኢትዮጵያ እና በኤርትራ ፈጥኖ መጀመሩ ጥቅም አለው፤ ሁለቱ በከፍተኛ ጠላትነት የሚፈላለጉ ሀገሮች ወዳጅ ሆኑ፤ የተካረሩ ጠላቶች የቅርብ ጊዜ ወዳጆች ሆኑ መባሉ እኛ በጠላትነት ያልተሰላለፍነው በዚህ የኢኮኖሚ ውሕደት ውስጥ መግባት ቀላል ነው የሚሆንልን ብለው እንዲያምኑ ያደርጋል፡፡ ስለዚህ ጅማሮው ከጥሩ ቦታ ነው የሚል አመለካከት አለኝ፡፡ በሁለተኛ ደረጃ ኢትዮጵያ ይሄንን ውጥን ዳር ለማድረስ ብቻዋን ከምትዳክር አጋር ቆጥራ ከጎኗ አሰልፋ በተለይ ኤርትራን ሸሪክ አድርጋ ሌሎችን መቅረቧ ሌሎች የበለጠ እንዲሳቡ ለኢትዮጵያ አቅም ይሰጣል፡፡ የጠቅላይ ሚኒስትር ዐቢይ እና የኢሳይያስን መቀራረብ ተከትሎ የሶማሊያውም ፕሬዚዳንት ተስቦ በጋራ ሦስቱ ሲመክሩ ተመልክተናል፡፡ ከዚም በኋላም ኢትዮጵያ እና ኤርትራ ጠቅላይ ሚኒስትሮቻቸውን መልእክት አስይዘው ወደ ጂቡቲ ልከው በጂቡቲ እና በኤርትራ መካከል ሰላም ተፈጥሯል፡፡ ስለዚህ ለኢኮኖሚ ትብብሩ መሰረቱ የተጣለ ይመስለኛል›› ብለዋል፡፡

ማጠቃለያ

የአፍሪካ ቀንድ ለማደግ እና ለመልማት የሚያስችለው እምቅ አቅም ያለው ቀጠና ነው፡፡ ይሁን እንጂ ውስብስብ በሆኑ ፖለቲካዊ ችግሮች የተተበተበ አካባቢ በመሆኑ ያለውን እምቅ አቅም ለአካባቢው ማኅበረሰብ ማዋል አልቻለም፡፡ አካባቢው የሚታወቀው በጦርነት በግጭት፣ በረሃብ፣ በድርቅ እና በበሽታዎች መስፋፋት ነው፡፡ ካሉበት ችግር ለመውጣት ግን እንደ አንድ ቁልፍ መሳሪያ በፖለቲካ እና ኢኮኖሚ ልሂቃን የተጠቆመው የኢኮኖሚ ውሕደትን እውን ማድረግ ነው፡፡ ይሄንን ትልም ደግሞ እውን ለማድረግ በጥናት ላይ ተመሥርቶ የሌሎች አካባቢያዊ እና አህጉራዊ የኢኮኖሚ ውሕደቶችን ተሞክሮ በመቅሰም ማስኬድ ይጠይቃል፡፡

በአካባቢው ሀገራት መካከል ያለው የመሪዎች እርምጃም ለዚህ ዘመን የሚመጠን እንዲሆን እርስ በእርስ መመካከር ይጠይቃል፡፡ አሁን በኢትዮጵያ እና ኤርትራ የተጀመሩ የሰላም የኢኮኖሚ ውህደት ጅምሮችን እንደ መሠረት ተጠቅሞ፣ የኢትዮጵያ ጠቅላይ ሚኒስትር አቢይ አህመድ የሚያራምዱትን የመደመር ፍልስፍናን በመከተል ወደፊት ለመራመድ መሞከር እጅግ ጠቃሚ እንደሚሆን ይታመናል፡፡

ዘመን መፅሄት ጥቅምት 2011

ማለደ ዋስይሁን

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