The author of this article wishes to outline and identify the major contradictions in this country that have continued to seriously jeopardize and in fact inhibit the efforts for national development and thrust from abject poverty.
For the purpose of this contribution, the writer divides the major contradictions in Ethiopia into two that is internal and external contradictions. The fundamental contradiction however is the internal contdiraction which was visible in the country for at least half a century.
The question is what are the major areas in which these contradictions manifested themselves? Again, one can categorize these internal contradictions into various categories including economic, political, and social. First, some notes on contradictions in the economy.
Ethiopia has experienced impressive economic growth rates over the past decades, averaging around 10% annually. However, despite this growth, poverty rates remain high, with a large segment of the population still living below the poverty line. This contradiction highlights the need for growth to be more inclusive and for policies that address income inequality and poverty reduction more effectively.
Ethiopia’s economy is still largely agrarian, with agriculture employing more than 80% of the population and contributing a substantial share to GDP. However, there is a growing emphasis on industrialization and diversification, with investments in industrial parks and manufacturing sectors. Balancing the needs of the agricultural sector, which is crucial for food security and rural livelihoods, with the goals of industrialization and economic transformation presents a challenge. It is important to clearly identify the importance of agro-industry for the promotion of the manufacturing sector in the country
Ethiopia’s federal structure that grants significant autonomy to regional states based on ethnicity has brought challenges. While this system aims to address historical marginalization and promote self-determination, it has also led to challenges related to governance, resource allocation, and inter-ethnic tensions. Balancing the principles of federalism with the need for national unity and cohesion is an ongoing challenge.
The nation has embarked on ambitious infrastructure projects, including the construction of mega projects like GERD and eco-tourism projects, road networks, and industrial parks, to enhance economic growth and development. However, these projects often have environmental implications, including deforestation, land degradation, and water resource management issues. Balancing the need for infrastructure development with environmental sustainability and conservation efforts is essential for long-term economic and ecological viability.
The nation has a large and growing youth population, with a significant portion entering the labor market each year. However, youth unemployment rates are high, particularly among urban youth, despite efforts to promote job creation and skills development. Addressing the challenge of youth unemployment requires not only creating job opportunities but also addressing skills mismatches and improving access to quality education and vocational training.
Ethiopia is experiencing rapid urbanization, with migration from rural to urban areas driven by factors such as population growth, agricultural productivity, and employment opportunities. However, this urbanization presents challenges related to infrastructure provision, housing, service delivery and social inclusion. Balancing the needs of urban and rural areas, and ensuring equitable development across regions, is essential for sustainable and inclusive growth.
Addressing these contradictions requires comprehensive and coordinated policy responses that prioritize inclusive growth, environmental sustainability, social cohesion, and effective governance. It also requires ongoing dialogue and collaboration among stakeholders, including government institutions, civil society organizations, the private sector, and development partners, to navigate the complexities of Ethiopia’s development trajectory.
In order to rectify these contradictions, the government has been taking fiscal and monetary reforms to ensure economic growth and stability in the country but there are still several challenges like contraband trade, money laundering and printing of counterfeit bank notes and illicit trade transactions.
The county has held multiple national and regional elections since the transition to multiparty democracy in the early 1990s. While elections are essential for political legitimacy and accountability, they have also been marred by allegations of irregularities, violence, and disputes over electoral outcomes. Balancing the need for regular elections with the imperative of maintaining political stability and social cohesion is a persistent challenge.
Ethiopia faces various security challenges, including intercommunal conflicts, insurgencies, and regional tensions, which require robust security measures to maintain stability and protect citizens. However, security operations have sometimes been accompanied by human rights abuses, including extrajudicial killings, arbitrary detentions, and restrictions on civil liberties. Balancing security imperatives with respect for human rights and the rule of law is a fundamental challenge for Ethiopia’s political leadership.
Addressing these political contradictions requires inclusive dialogue, institutional reforms, respect for human rights, and commitment to democratic principles and the rule of law. It also requires political leadership that is responsive to the needs and aspirations of all Ethiopians, regardless of ethnicity, religion, or political affiliation.
Social contradictions in Ethiopia encompass a wide range of issues stemming from its diverse cultural, linguistic, and socio-economic landscape.
Ethiopia is experiencing rapid urbanization, with significant disparities between urban and rural areas in terms of access to basic services, infrastructure and economic opportunities. While cities are centers of economic activity and development, rural areas often face challenges such as poverty, limited access to education and healthcare and lack of infrastructure. However, the government is working on resolving these basic contradictions.
While Ethiopia has made significant strides in expanding access to education, disparities persist between urban and rural areas, as well as among different socio-economic groups and ethnic communities. Quality of education, teacher training, and infrastructure vary widely across regions, contributing to inequalities in educational outcomes. War in the northern part of the country and various ethnic conflicts destroyed educational infrastructures that are being rehabilitated by the government and international partner agencies.
Access to healthcare services in Ethiopia remains a challenge, especially in remote and underserved areas. Limited infrastructure, shortage of healthcare workers, and lack of medical supplies and equipment hinder efforts to provide quality healthcare to all Ethiopians. Addressing healthcare disparities and improving access to essential services are crucial for promoting social equity and well-being.
The government has already established inclusive National Dialogue Commission and a National Transitional Justice policy which is expected to address the above mentioned contradictions and challenges.
Editor’s Note: The views entertained in this article do not necessarily reflect the stance of The Ethiopian Herald
BY SOLMON DIBABA
THE ETHIOPIAN HERALD TUESDAY 30 APRIL 20240
