Today’s guest, Ambassador Guillermo López Mac-Lellan, is a career diplomat who joined the Spanish diplomatic service in 1995.
He worked in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs for many years, specifically focusing on African affairs. He lived in Western Africa for an extended period and is very familiar with French-speaking countries in the region, such as Senegal, Cote d’Ivoire, and others.
Throughout his career, he worked on social and humanitarian issues at the UN in Geneva. He later served as the deputy director general for African affairs at his country’s permanent representation to the European Union. Following a brief period in South America, he became the ambassador to Equatorial Guinea for four years, and then the ambassador for human rights, rule of law, and democracy in Spain.
In late 2023, he was appointed by the Spanish government as the ambassador to Ethiopia, with responsibilities covering the African Union, UNECA, IGAD, Djibouti, and Seychelles. During his interview with The Ethiopian Herald, he discussed various issues that connect Ethiopia and Spain as important players in regional, bilateral, and multilateral matters. Enjoy the read.
Could you please explain the current bilateral relations between Spain and Ethiopia? What areas of cooperation are most fruitful, and what are the indicators?
We have a long-standing relationship with Ethiopia that started in the 1960s, during the period of Emperor Haile Selassie. We had a strong relationship at that time. Ethiopia was part of the movement of non-aligned countries and was respected globally as the capital of Africa. Spain has remained in the country, even during challenging times like the Red Terror.
We have been a consistent partner and a member of the European Union, which means we have a diverse relationship. On a bilateral level, we work closely with Ethiopia in multilateral forums, especially in promoting the Millennium Development Goals and the Agenda 2030. Spain will host the fourth international conference for financing for development by the end of June. The previous conference was held in Addis Ababa 10 years ago. We are working toward a goal-based multilateral system to give African countries a place at the UN level, particularly in international financial organizations.
Spanish cooperation in Ethiopia has traditionally been strong, with a significant office in Addis Ababa covering the entire country. We focus on three regions: the Somali region, Oromia, and previously Tigray. Our efforts are concentrated on health, improving women’s and girls’ conditions, fighting gender-based violence, and empowering women. We also work on climate change and rural development, with initiatives like the Women, Coffee, and Climate Change programs, which aim to improve the distribution chains of coffee and promote cooperation between Ethiopia and other coffee-producing countries like Colombia.
We also provide humanitarian assistance, especially during droughts and floods, working with the UN system and organizations like the World Food Program to support refugees and IDPs in Ethiopia. The Shire Program, for example, helps electrify refugee camps to improve living conditions. Our bilateral cooperation is sometimes funded through European programs, and we support national dialogue and institutions like the Ethiopian Commission for Human Rights to reinforce Ethiopia’s stability.
How do you think the visits of both His Majesty the King in January 2015 and the Minister of Foreign Affairs, European Union, and Cooperation in February 2023 contribute to the diplomatic ties between the two countries?
Well, King Philip VI is our best diplomatic asset. When the king travels abroad, he represents the entire country. Ethiopia is a crucial country in Africa, the heart of the continent, and we believe it is essential to maintain strong connections. His father, Juan Carlos I, had a great fondness for Ethiopia. He and his wife, Queen Sophia, have visited Ethiopia numerous times and have a deep appreciation for the country. Their travels serve both diplomatic and political purposes.
I believe that when our king visits a country, it signifies the support of our entire nation. The visit of the Minister of Foreign Affairs, European Union, and International Cooperation in 2023, José Manuel Alvarez, was a significant and politically charged visit with a dual focus. He engaged with the Millennium Development Goals and global governance issues while also addressing the African Union.
It was historic as it marked the first time a Spanish Minister of Foreign Affairs addressed the Executive Council of the African Union in Spanish. Spanish is a major global language, following English and Chinese, and its influence is growing, particularly in the United States and parts of Asia.
Spanish is also the official language of the African Union, thanks to our Equatorial Guinean brothers. We have always supported African unity and a peaceful, secure Africa.
It is important to note that certain regions of Spain, like the Canary Islands, are geographically closer to Africa than the rest of Europe. Our history has always been intertwined with Africa, particularly Northern Africa and the Maghreb, our immediate neighbors. We have strong relationships with Western African countries and Portuguese-speaking nations like Angola and Mozambique. We played a pivotal role in supporting Namibia’s independence, our first peacekeeping operation.
Ethiopia, with its unique characteristics, holds a special place in our bilateral relations. The country’s rich history, including the Amharic language and religious diversity, makes it a significant regional power with over 100 million inhabitants. Ethiopia has long been a champion of Pan-Africanism, dating back to Emperor Haile Selassie and the Organization of African Unity, the precursor to the African Union. Ethiopia’s commitment to African independence and the fight against colonialism is commendable.
Ethiopia’s distinct identity sets it apart from many other African nations, making it a crucial player on the continent.
Many argue that Ethiopia is a gateway to Africa, and Spain has strengthened its links with continental organizations in recent years, increasing support for its work towards an integrated, safe, and prosperous Africa. How do you explain Spain’s ties with Africa?
Yes, you mentioned Ethiopia. It is currently a crossroad, a point where the connection between the African continent, Asia, and Europe through the Red Sea is established.
From my point of view, there is a significant evolution in Africa. Initially, Africa aimed for independence and to break free from colonialism. Now, the focus is on integration.
This integration can be seen in different parts of Africa. For example, in southern Africa, Angola is developing the Lobito Corridor to connect people, trade, and goods from landlocked central Africa to the Atlantic. This mirrors the developments in Ethiopia, a country with abundant resources like water, electricity, and strong agriculture that can support much of Africa. Infrastructure is crucial for progress.
This is why we believe that the African Union’s promotion of the African Continental Free Trade Agreement is crucial. It is not only essential for economic growth but also for peace and prosperity. A parallel can be drawn with post-World War II Europe.
Countries that were historical enemies, like France and Germany, set aside their differences to establish links and create a free movement space. This led to the integrated market we have today, with over 400 million inhabitants living in a democratic space with laws, respect for human rights, and free trade due to the absence of internal barriers. Africa, being larger and more diverse than Europe, will benefit from the African Union as the driving force of integration.
This integration involves more than just people; it encompasses free trade, goods, and persons. The African Union is advocating for a free trade agreement that allows for the barrier-free movement of agricultural products and mutual growth.
Africa’s path to integration and prosperity is paved with the collaboration and cooperation promoted by the African Union.
How does Spain view Ethiopia’s quest for access to the sea?
Well, this is a very complex question. Unfortunately, history shows that after the war against Eritrea, Ethiopia became a landlocked country. This is not a unique case.
There are other instances around the world, such as Bolivia in South America and Switzerland in Europe, that also have no access to the sea. It is important to consider that all African countries are members of the United Nations and must adhere to the principles of the UN Charter, which promote peaceful conflict resolution and respect for the integrity of other countries.
That being said, it is possible for Ethiopia to negotiate for access to the sea in a peaceful manner. Ethiopia’s economy is growing, with 8% of its gross national product coming from exports like coffee and wheat. Access to the sea is crucial for further economic development, but it must be achieved through diplomatic negotiations.
An agreement could potentially be reached with Somali authorities, and financial incentives could also facilitate a deal. Bolivia recently reached an agreement to have access to the Pacific Ocean, showing that diplomatic efforts can lead to positive outcomes.
Ethiopia is currently exploring various options for sea access, including Berbera, Assab, and Lemu. However, infrastructure development would be needed for access through the port of Lemu, including railways and roads.
The Ethiopian government is supporting the Horn of Africa initiative, which aims to develop infrastructure and improve access to the sea. It is essential that these efforts are carried out peacefully, in line with the principles of the UN Charter that all member nations have agreed to uphold.
How do you view Ethiopia’s economic reform measures, especially the opening of its doors to international businesses, and what will be the interest of Spanish investors? Are you encouraging businessmen and women to invest in Ethiopia, and could you explain trade ties?
Yes, well, Ethiopia started a process of economic transformation in 2018 that allows for a greater presence of banks, and the opening of telecommunication was a step in the right direction. We believe in open societies and open economies. However, it’s important to consider the long tradition of state-controlled economy that Ethiopia inherited. This was also the case during the 40 years of Franco’s regime in Spain. The recent steps taken by Ethiopia, such as signing agreements with the IMF and World Bank last July, are serious and sometimes challenging due to their social impact.
Currently, there are several bottlenecks in the Ethiopian economy. One major issue is the lack of foreign currency, which has been a serious problem. While the economy is gradually opening up, the introduction of free exchange is a positive development. However, there are still areas in the business climate that need improvement.
These matters have been discussed with the Euro Chamber, the Chamber of Commerce of European countries present in Ethiopia, which has seen some foreign investments. It is crucial to establish a clear taxation system and rules for goods crossing customs. Progress is being made, but transforming the economy of such a large country is no easy task.
In terms of Spanish investments in Ethiopia, there have been notable ventures, such as Celorio Valleverde and Ibercoton. Unfortunately, some projects were affected by conflicts, but efforts are being made to restart them. Spain has expertise in construction materials, textiles, and other sectors that could benefit the Ethiopian market. Stability is essential for growth, and tourism is also a potential asset for Ethiopia.
Spain is keen on expanding its economic relationship with Ethiopia through various sectors, including tourism, aviation, renewable energy, and healthcare. While cultural differences exist, there are opportunities for collaboration in industries like medicine production. Ethiopia’s strategic location, strong partnership through Ethiopian Airlines, makes it a key player in the region.
By and large, there is great potential for Spanish investors in Ethiopia, and both countries can benefit from a closer economic partnership. The ongoing efforts to address challenges and improve the business environment will pave the way for more fruitful collaborations in the future.
Earlier, you mentioned that you support climate change. On the other hand, you are also endorsing the Ethiopian Green Legacy Initiative. Can you comment on that?
The Ethiopian government is staying true to its commitment. We have our own commitment that was made at COP 15. It’s called CELS Planetary Green Legacy. What kind of planet do we want for our children? Reforestation, fighting against pollution and similar efforts are crucial. I believe this is a very important program for Prime Minister Abiy Ahmed’s government. It involves reforestation, cleaning rivers, and striving for a healthy environment. Among various decisions, one notable one is the introduction of electric cars in Ethiopia.
This aligns with measures currently in place in Europe. Transitioning to a cleaner economy is vital, even though it will take time to see results. We cannot continue to pollute our planet and ignore the impacts of climate change.
The droughts and floods Ethiopia is experiencing are linked to global climate issues like El Nino. It’s important that we work together to address these challenges. Balancing environmental preservation and economic growth is a common struggle. However, we now have the means to grow sustainably while protecting the environment. This initiative by the Ethiopian government is crucial, and we are closely monitoring its progress. The results may not be immediate, but they will be worth the effort in the long run.
As for the Grand Renaissance Dam in Ethiopia, it’s a significant asset for the country. It harnesses the power of the Blue Nile to generate electricity for most of Ethiopia. The dam is part of a larger plan that includes sub-dams. It’s essential to approach the issue of sharing the Nile’s resources peacefully through negotiations. The Nile is a vital source of economic growth for both Ethiopia and Egypt. Dialogue and cooperation are key to finding a solution that benefits all riparian countries involved.
In Spain, we have experience with sharing rivers with neighboring countries and have established conventions for managing water resources. We are willing to offer our expertise to Ethiopia and Egypt in finding a peaceful resolution. The Nile Basin Commission and ongoing negotiations are steps in the right direction. Diplomacy and dialogue should guide the process, avoiding violence or threats. The stability and reconciliation within Ethiopia are crucial for its economic growth and regional influence. With the right approach, Ethiopia can emerge as a powerhouse in the African economy.
Since you are serving as the Ambassador of Spain in Ethiopia, your main focus is on strengthening the bilateral ties between the two countries. What are your plans for the remainder of your ambassadorship?
I can make plans, but I also need to consider the reactions of my counterparts. Currently, in the short term, we are working on preparing for the fourth international conference for development. This is crucial during this period of uncertainty with all the tariffs in place.
Additionally, the Millennium Development Goals and the UN’s 2030 Agenda, which encompass most of the UN’s major priorities, are among our top concerns. We have been collaborating with Ethiopia on the Addis Ababa Agenda, which was approved ten years ago.
Spain is now a peaceful and democratic country, despite its complicated history, including a civil war. We do not have a federal system but rather an autonomous system with many components. We believe there are valuable lessons from our experiences that can be shared with Ethiopia.
I aim to support stability in Ethiopia’s various regions, as this will encourage Spanish citizens to engage. Reconciliation in northern Ethiopia is a priority, as Spanish companies have been involved in the agricultural sector there for many years. Reconciliation is the first step in post-civil war recovery, followed by reconstruction to provide people with a sense of purpose. We are prepared to support this process and accompany Ethiopia, pending any necessary changes.
Running a large and diverse country like Ethiopia is challenging, especially given its proximity to areas of instability like Somalia, South Sudan, and Sudan. We are committed to supporting Ethiopia through these challenges and hope for a successful conclusion to the national dialogue process, driven by the desires of the Ethiopian people.
Regarding people-to-people ties between Spain and Ethiopia, our countries share a rich history dating back to the 17th century. Both nations have Christian roots, with Ethiopia being Orthodox and Spain being Catholic. Many Spanish citizens are familiar with Ethiopia’s connection to the Roman Empire during the Menelik era and appreciate the country’s culture and people. Spanish interest in Ethiopian cuisine, adoption of Ethiopian children, and tourism has all contributed to a growing understanding and appreciation of Ethiopia in Spain.
While the Spanish language may present a barrier to closer ties, efforts are underway to improve Spanish language education in Ethiopia, the African Union, and Ethiopian diplomatic academies. Ethiopian Airlines has facilitated increased people-to-people exchanges, with more individuals visiting Ethiopia to experience its diverse landscapes. Tourism has the potential to strengthen our relationship further, as Spanish tour operators based in Ethiopia seek to expand tourism despite challenges posed by instability.
Thank you, Ambassador.
It’s my pleasure.
BY GIRMACHEW GASHAW
THE ETHIOPIAN HERALD SATURDAY 12 APRIL 2025
