Ethiopia, a pivotal country in the Horn of Africa, has been strengthening its military cooperation with neighboring nations, including Uganda, Kenya, and other African countries. This collaboration underscores the growing recognition that regional security is a collective responsibility, especially in a continent grappling with persistent threats such as terrorism, armed insurgencies, and cross-border conflicts. Ethiopia’s strategic partnerships with its African counterparts reflect a broader commitment to fostering peace, stability, and mutual development across the region.
Historically, the country has been a key player in the pursuit of regional stability. As one of Africa’s oldest nations and a significant contributor to the African Union, headquartered in its capital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia has consistently demonstrated its commitment to continental peace initiatives. The country’s strategic geographical location, coupled with its robust military capabilities, positions it as a critical ally for regional security efforts. Collaborations with Uganda, Kenya, and other African nations illustrate Ethiopia’s dedication to addressing shared challenges through joint initiatives, intelligence sharing, and capacity building.
In recent years, Uganda has emerged as one of Ethiopia’s vital partners in military cooperation. Both nations share concerns about the spread of extremist groups, particularly in East Africa, where Al-Shabaab and other terrorist organizations operate. The Ethiopian National Defense Forces (ENDF) and the Uganda People’s Defense Forces (UPDF) have worked together on various fronts, including within the framework of the African Union Mission in Somalia (AMISOM). Ethiopia and Uganda’s joint efforts in Somalia have been instrumental in countering Al-Shabaab’s influence, showcasing how bilateral military cooperation can yield tangible results in combating terrorism.
Ethiopia and Uganda have also deepened their engagement through training programs and the exchange of expertise. By sharing best practices and enhancing operational capabilities, both nations aim to build resilient and adaptable military forces. Ethiopia, with its significant experience in peacekeeping missions and counter-insurgency operations, has provided valuable support to Uganda, while Uganda’s long-standing focus on guerrilla warfare tactics and regional diplomacy has complemented Ethiopia’s strategies. This exchange has fortified both nations’ abilities to respond effectively to regional crises.
Kenya, another key ally of Ethiopia, plays a crucial role in the broader framework of regional security. Sharing a long and sometimes contentious border, Ethiopia and Kenya have worked diligently to address cross-border challenges, including the movement of armed groups, human trafficking, and the proliferation of small arms. Both countries have realized that their mutual prosperity is inextricably linked to stability along their shared border, prompting extensive cooperation in military and security matters.
The Ethiopia-Kenya partnership is particularly evident in their joint efforts against Al-Shabaab. As frontline states in the battle against this extremist group, both nations have contributed troops to AMISOM and collaborated on intelligence sharing to disrupt terrorist networks. The porous borders between Kenya and Somalia have long posed a security threat, and Ethiopia’s military expertise has been critical in supporting Kenya’s efforts to mitigate this risk. Additionally, joint military exercises and capacity-building initiatives have enhanced the interoperability of Ethiopian and Kenyan forces, ensuring that they can operate cohesively in addressing common security threats.
Beyond bilateral relations, Ethiopia’s military cooperation extends to multilateral platforms such as the Intergovernmental Authority on Development (IGAD) and the African Union. IGAD, a regional bloc comprising eight East African nations, has been instrumental in fostering dialogue and collaboration among member states. Ethiopia has actively participated in IGAD-led security initiatives, including peacekeeping operations and conflict resolution efforts. By working within such frameworks, Ethiopia has not only strengthened its bilateral ties with countries like Uganda and Kenya but has also contributed to the collective security of the region.
Ethiopia’s engagement with other African countries highlights its commitment to fostering continental solidarity. For instance, Ethiopia has maintained strong military ties with Sudan and South Sudan, two nations that have faced protracted conflicts and internal instability. Ethiopia’s role as a mediator in the South Sudanese peace process underscores its diplomatic and military influence. Ethiopian forces have also been involved in peacekeeping missions in South Sudan, demonstrating the country’s dedication to supporting its neighbors in achieving sustainable peace.
Similarly, Ethiopia has collaborated with Djibouti, a small but strategically important country in the Horn of Africa. The two nations have worked together to secure their shared border and combat the trafficking of illicit goods and weapons. Djibouti’s location at the crossroads of major international shipping routes makes it a critical partner in ensuring maritime security, a shared priority for Ethiopia. Through joint patrols, intelligence sharing, and coordinated operations, Ethiopia and Djibouti have bolstered their capacity to address emerging threats.
In recent years, the country has also sought to deepen its military ties with countries in West and Central Africa. This broader outreach reflects Ethiopia’s recognition of the interconnected nature of security challenges on the continent. For instance, Ethiopia has contributed troops to United Nations peacekeeping missions in countries like Mali and the Central African Republic. These deployments underscore Ethiopia’s willingness to play a proactive role in addressing conflicts beyond its immediate neighborhood, reinforcing its reputation as a reliable partner in African security initiatives.
Despite these successes, Ethiopia’s military cooperation with its neighbors is not without challenges. Internal conflicts within Ethiopia, such as those in the Tigray, Amhara, and Oromia regions, have strained the country’s resources and diverted attention from regional security priorities. Moreover, political tensions with some neighbors, including Eritrea, have occasionally complicated Ethiopia’s efforts to foster regional unity. Nevertheless, Ethiopia has demonstrated resilience and adaptability in navigating these complexities, ensuring that its military partnerships remain robust.
Economic considerations also play a significant role in Ethiopia’s military cooperation. Regional stability is essential for fostering economic growth, trade, and development, all of which are priorities for Ethiopia and its partners. Initiatives such as the Lamu Port-South Sudan-Ethiopia Transport (LAPSSET) Corridor highlight the interconnectedness of security and development. By securing trade routes and addressing cross-border threats, Ethiopia and its allies aim to create an environment conducive to economic prosperity.
The role of external actors in shaping Ethiopia’s military cooperation cannot be overlooked. The involvement of global powers, such as the United States, China, and the European Union, has influenced the dynamics of regional security partnerships. These actors have provided funding, training, and logistical support to African militaries, including Ethiopia’s, enabling them to address complex security challenges more effectively. However, Ethiopia and its partners have emphasized the importance of African-led solutions, ensuring that external assistance complements, rather than undermines, local initiatives.
Ethiopia’s military cooperation with Uganda, Kenya, and other African countries underscores the importance of collective efforts in addressing regional security challenges. By leveraging bilateral and multilateral partnerships, Ethiopia has played a pivotal role in promoting peace and stability across the continent. While internal and external challenges persist, Ethiopia’s commitment to fostering solidarity and mutual development remains steadfast. Through joint initiatives, intelligence sharing, and capacity building, Ethiopia and its allies are building a more secure and prosperous future for the region. This spirit of cooperation not only enhances the resilience of African nations but also reinforces the principle that regional security is a shared responsibility, requiring unity, collaboration, and a long-term vision.
BY EYUEL KIFLU
THE ETHIOPIAN HERALD TUESDAY 17 DECEMBER 2024
