The partnership between Ethiopia and India is a rich tapestry woven through centuries, highlighting cultural, economic, and political exchanges. Both nations, with their distinct histories and traditions, have fostered a bond that has evolved significantly from ancient times to the present day.
During the time of the Axumite Empire (1st to 7th centuries AD), Ethiopia was a thriving trade hub. The Indian subcontinent was known for its spices, textiles and precious stones. Trade routes connecting the Red Sea to the Indian Ocean facilitated the exchange of goods and ideas. Ethiopian merchants traveled to India, bringing back not just goods but also cultural influences.
The maritime trade between the two regions intensified during the reign of King Solomon and the Queen of Sheba, both of whom hold a significant place in Ethiopian lore. The narrative of their relationship has been immortalized in various texts, reinforcing the cultural and spiritual links between Ethiopia and the broader Indian subcontinent.
The introduction of Christianity to Ethiopia in the 4th century AD marked a significant turning point in its history. The Ethiopian Orthodox Church, one of the oldest Christian traditions in the world, established connections with various religious communities, including Indian Christians. The arrival of St. Thomas the Apostle in India, who is believed to have spread Christianity in the 1st century AD, created a shared religious heritage that continues to resonate today.
Furthermore, cultural exchanges flourished through art, literature, and philosophy. Ethiopian art, particularly religious iconography, reflects influences from Indian aesthetics. Similarly, Indian literature and philosophical texts found their way into Ethiopian scholarly circles, enriching the intellectual landscape of both nations.
In the late 19th and early 20th centuries witnessed significant changes in the socio-political landscape of both Ethiopia and India. While India was under British rule, Ethiopia, under Emperor Menelik II, successfully resisted colonization at the Battle of Adwa in 1896. This victory resonated deeply within India, inspiring nationalist movements and emphasizing the importance of sovereignty and self-determination.
Ethiopian leaders became symbols of resistance against colonialism. Haile Selassie’s appeal to the League of Nations in 1936 following the second Italy’s invasion of Ethiopia garnered international attention and support. Indian leaders, including Mahatma Gandhi, expressed solidarity with Ethiopia, recognizing the shared struggle against imperialism. This mutual support laid the groundwork for future diplomatic relations.
After 1948, the countries’ ties have been strengthened, characterized by cooperation in various fields, including trade, education, and technology. India has been a significant partner in Ethiopia’s development, particularly in sectors like agriculture, information technology and infrastructure.
In recent years, high-level exchanges have further solidified this partnership. Ethiopian Prime Minister Abiy Ahmed’s visit to India in 2018 marked a significant milestone, resulting in agreements aimed at enhancing trade and investment. India, recognizing Ethiopia’s strategic location in the Horn of Africa, views the partnership as crucial for enhancing its influence in the region.
The trade relationship encompasses various sectors, including textiles, pharmaceuticals and agricultural products. Indian companies have invested heavily in Ethiopia, establishing manufacturing units and contributing to job creation.
The establishment of the Ethiopia to India Business Forum has facilitated dialogue and collaboration between the two nations, promoting entrepreneurship and investment opportunities.
During a high-level discussion hosted recently by the Indian Embassy in Addis Ababa, India’s Ambassador to Ethiopia and Permanent Representative to the African Union, Anil Rai outlined India’s intent to strengthen existing partnerships, support Ethiopia’s development priorities, and cultivate joint prosperity through deeper engagement. He underscored Ethiopia’s growing importance on the African stage, both economically and diplomatically.
“We were among the first countries to support Ethiopia’s bid to join BRICS, and today Ethiopia is a member. This is not only a diplomatic milestone but also a strategic move to boost Ethiopia’s trade diplomacy with emerging global powers,” Anil stated.
On the economic front, the ambassador highlighted India’s status as Ethiopia’s second-largest trading partner and one of its top sources of foreign direct investment (FDI). He also commended Ethiopia’s macroeconomic reforms and urban infrastructure drive, describing them as key enablers for attracting investment.
“I believe the government’s approach to urban development—creating modern infrastructure—offers rapid returns by monetizing the value of upgraded city land,” Anil noted, citing manufacturing as a key growth sector.
Moreover, India has played a pivotal role in Ethiopia’s agricultural development. Initiatives aimed at enhancing food security and promoting sustainable farming practices have been implemented with Indian assistance. This collaboration has proven beneficial, especially in light of Ethiopia’s challenges with food insecurity and climate change.
India has played a significant role in Ethiopia’s education system, particularly through the presence of Indian lecturers in higher education. This collaboration has enhanced academic standards and fostered cultural exchange.
Indian educators have contributed expertise in various fields, enriching the learning experience for Ethiopian students and strengthening bilateral ties between the two nations. Educational scholarships and exchange programs further strengthen people-to-people ties, allowing students from both countries to study and experience each other’s cultures.
India is reaffirming its commitment to expanding multifaceted cooperation with Ethiopia, viewing the East African nation as a pivotal partner in its South-South diplomacy and continental outreach.
Anil emphasized the strong historical foundation and shared global interests underpinning Indo-Ethiopian relations.
“India and Ethiopia enjoy a time-tested relationship built on mutual respect and understanding,” Ambassador Anil said, adding that India is determined to elevate bilateral ties across economic, cultural and strategic domains.
Furthermore, Ethiopians have long enjoyed Indian movies, reflecting a deep cultural affinity. This passion for Indian cinema fosters people-to-people exchanges, enhancing mutual understanding and strengthening the bond between India and Ethiopia. Such cultural connections pave the way for collaboration in various sectors, enriching the ties that unite our two nations.
Additionally, India has provided significant support to Ethiopia’s healthcare sector, supplying essential medical equipment and pharmaceuticals. Additionally, India’s assistance to the Mahatma Gandhi Memorial Hospital enhances healthcare access, demonstrating a commitment to improving health outcomes and strengthening bilateral relations between the two nations.
While the partnership between Ethiopia and India is robust, it faces challenges, including regional instability, economic fluctuations, and the impact of global political dynamics. The ongoing conflict in Ethiopia’s Tigray region has raised concerns about stability, which could impact foreign investments and trade relations.
However, both nations are committed to overcoming these challenges. Initiatives aimed at enhancing regional security and cooperation are crucial for sustaining economic growth and development. The African Union, headquartered in Addis Ababa, serves as a platform for Ethiopia to engage with its neighbors and enhance regional stability, which is also in India’s strategic interest.
The ambassador also revealed that India and Ethiopia recently finalized a defense cooperation agreement, marking a new chapter in bilateral security collaboration. Additional cooperation agreements are under negotiation in areas including education, technology, and capacity building.
India’s outreach reflects a broader commitment to fostering sustainable, inclusive development across Africa, positioning Ethiopia as a central node in that vision. The engagement also aligns with India’s evolving role in multilateral forums and its emphasis on mutual growth through South-South cooperation.
BY FIKADU BELAY
THE ETHIOPIAN HERALD TUESDAY 13 MAY 2025
